3D Modeling of Buildings

Building energy design is currently going through a period of major changes. One key factor of this is the adoption of net-zero energy as a long term goal for new buildings in most developed countries. To achieve this goal a lot of research is needed to accumulate knowledge and to utilize it in practical applications. In this book, accomplished international experts present advanced modeling techniques as well as in-depth case studies in order to aid designers in optimally using simulation tools for net-zero energy building design. The strategies and technologies discussed in this book are, however, also applicable for the design of energy-plus buildings. This book was facilitated by International Energy Agency's Solar Heating and Cooling (SHC) Programs and the Energy in Buildings and Communities (EBC) Programs through the joint SHC Task 40/EBC Annex 52: Towards Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings R&D collaboration. After presenting the fundamental concepts, design strategies, and technologies required to achieve net-zero energy in buildings, the book discusses different design processes and tools to support the design of net-zero energy buildings (NZEBs). A substantial chapter reports on four diverse NZEBs that have been operating for at least two years. These case studies are extremely high quality because they all have high resolution measured data and the authors were intimately involved in all of them from conception to operating. By comparing the projections made using the respective design tools with the actual performance data, successful (and unsuccessful) design techniques and processes, design and simulation tools, and technologies are identified. Written by both academics and practitioners (building designers) and by North Americans as well as Europeans, this book provides a very broad perspective. It includes a detailed description of design processes and a list of appropriate tools for each design phase, plus methods for parametric analysis and mathematical optimization. It is a guideline for building designers that draws from both the profound theoretical background and the vast practical experience of the authors.

With climate change, erosion, and human encroachment on coastal environments growing all over the world, it is increasingly important to protect populations and environments close to the sea from storms, tsunamis, and other events that can be not just costly to property but deadly. This book is one step in bringing the science of protection from these events forward, the most in-depth study of its kind ever published. The analytic and numerical modeling problems of nonlinear wave activities in shallow water are analyzed in this work. Using the author’s unique method described herein, the equations of shallow water are solved, and asymmetries that cannot be described by the Stokes theory are solved. Based on analytical expressions, the impacts of dispersion effects to wave profiles transformation are taken into account. The 3D models of the distribution and refraction of nonlinear surface gravity wave at the various coast formations are introduced, as well. The work covers the problems of numerical simulation of the run-up of nonlinear surface gravity waves in shallow water, transformation of the surface waves for the 1D case, and models for the refraction of numerical modeling of the run-up of nonlinear surface gravity waves at beach approach of various slopes. 2D and 3D modeling of nonlinear surface gravity waves are based on Navier-Stokes equations. In 2D modeling the influence of the bottom of the coastal zone on flooding of the coastal zone during storm surges was investigated. Various stages of the run-up of nonlinear surface gravity waves are introduced and analyzed. The 3D modeling process of the run-up is tested for the coast protection work of the slope type construction. Useful for students and veteran engineers and scientists alike, this is the only book covering these important issues facing anyone working with coastal models and ocean, coastal, and civil engineering in this area.

In the field of aeronautical dynamics, this book offers readers a design tool which enables them to solve the different problems that can occur during the planning stage of a private project. The authors present a system for the modeling, design and calculation of the flying qualities of airplanes and drones, with a complete mathematical model by Matlab/Simulink. As such, this book may be useful for design engineers as well as for keen airplane amateurs. The authors expound the various phases involved in the design process of an airplane, starting with the formulation of a design tool, under the form of a 0D mathematical model (dimensionless, time dependent), before moving on to explore the behavior of the airplane under certain circumstances and offering insights into the optimization of airplane flying qualities. As validation of this model, they present a numerical result, drawn from data collected on an existing plane – the Concorde. The dimensional process is then explored and applied to a realistic drone project. Recommendations on the development of the principal characteristics of the plane (i.e. mass distribution, air load, wing span) are given. Contents 1. 0D Analytical Modeling of theAirplane Motions. 2. Design and Optimizationof an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). 3. Organization of the Auto-Pilot. This book provides a description of the modeling, design, and calculation of the aeronautical qualities of airplanes and drones. Divided into several parts, this book first summarizes all the necessary theoretical developments about the equations of motions and trajectory calculations of the machine. It then goes on to describe practical building processes and considers piloting methods. The last part makes a comparison between theoretical calculations and measured recorded data of the real flying machine. Accompanied by a complete mathematical model in MATLAB/SIMULINK

Molecular modeling encompasses applied theoretical approaches and computational techniques to model structures and properties of molecular compounds and materials in order to predict and / or interpret their properties. The modeling covered in this book ranges from methods for small chemical to large biological molecules and materials. With its comprehensive coverage of important research fields in molecular and materials science, this is a must-have for all organic, inorganic and biochemists as well as materials scientists interested in applied theoretical and computational chemistry. The 28 chapters, written by an international group of experienced theoretically oriented chemists, are grouped into four parts: Theory and Concepts; Applications in Homogeneous Catalysis; Applications in Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry; and Applications in Main Group, Organic and Organometallic Chemistry. The various chapters include concept papers, tutorials, and research reports.

Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 200. Trajectory-based (“Lagrangian”) atmospheric transport and dispersion modeling has gained in popularity and sophistication over the previous several decades. It is common practice now for researchers around the world to apply Lagrangian models to a wide spectrum of issues. Lagrangian Modeling of the Atmosphere is a comprehensive volume that includes sections on Lagrangian modeling theory, model applications, and tests against observations. Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series. Comprehensive coverage of trajectory-based atmospheric dispersion modeling Important overview of a widely used modeling tool Sections look at modeling theory, application of models, and tests against observations

Explores wide-ranging applications of modeling and simulation techniques that allow readers to conduct research and ask «What if??» Principles of Modeling and Simulation: A Multidisciplinary Approach is the first book to provide an introduction to modeling and simulation techniques across diverse areas of study. Numerous researchers from the fields of social science, engineering, computer science, and business have collaborated on this work to explore the multifaceted uses of computational modeling while illustrating their applications in common spreadsheets. The book is organized into three succinct parts: Principles of Modeling and Simulation provides a brief history of modeling and simulation, outlines its many functions, and explores the advantages and disadvantages of using models in problem solving. Two major reasons to employ modeling and simulation are illustrated through the study of a specific problem in conjunction with the use of related applications, thus gaining insight into complex concepts. Theoretical Underpinnings examines various modeling techniques and introduces readers to two significant simulation concepts: discrete event simulation and simulation of continuous systems. This section details the two primary methods in which humans interface with simulations, and it also distinguishes the meaning, importance, and significance of verification and validation. Practical Domains delves into specific topics related to transportation, business, medicine, social science, and enterprise decision support. The challenges of modeling and simulation are discussed, along with advanced applied principles of modeling and simulation such as representation techniques, integration into the application infrastructure, and emerging technologies. With its accessible style and wealth of real-world examples, Principles of Modeling and Simulation: A Multidisciplinary Approach is a valuable book for modeling and simulation courses at the upper-undergraduate and graduate levels. It is also an indispensable reference for researchers and practitioners working in statistics, mathematics, engineering, computer science, economics, and the social sciences who would like to further develop their understanding and knowledge of the field.

System-level modeling of MEMS – microelectromechanical systems – comprises integrated approaches to simulate, understand, and optimize the performance of sensors, actuators, and microsystems, taking into account the intricacies of the interplay between mechanical and electrical properties, circuitry, packaging, and design considerations. Thereby, system-level modeling overcomes the limitations inherent to methods that focus only on one of these aspects and do not incorporate their mutual dependencies. The book addresses the two most important approaches of system-level modeling, namely physics-based modeling with lumped elements and mathematical modeling employing model order reduction methods, with an emphasis on combining single device models to entire systems. At a clearly understandable and sufficiently detailed level the readers are made familiar with the physical and mathematical underpinnings of MEMS modeling. This enables them to choose the adequate methods for the respective application needs. This work is an invaluable resource for all materials scientists, electrical engineers, scientists working in the semiconductor and/or sensor industry, physicists, and physical chemists.

This book is part of a set of books which offers advanced students successive characterization tool phases, the study of all types of phase (liquid, gas and solid, pure or multi-component), process engineering, chemical and electrochemical equilibria, and the properties of surfaces and phases of small sizes. Macroscopic and microscopic models are in turn covered with a constant correlation between the two scales. Particular attention has been given to the rigor of mathematical developments. This second volume in the set is devoted to the study of liquid phases.

Presents opportunities for making significant improvements in preventing harmful effects that can be caused by corrosion Describes concepts of molecular modeling in the context of materials corrosion Includes recent examples of applications of molecular modeling to corrosion phenomena throughout the text Details how molecular modeling can give insights into the multitude of interconnected and complex processes that comprise the corrosion of metals Covered applications include diffusion and electron transfer at metal/electrolyte interfaces, Monte Carlo simulations of corrosion, corrosion inhibition, interrogating surface chemistry, and properties of passive films Presents current challenges and likely developments in this field for the future

In many branches of chemistry, Molecular Modeling is a well-established and powerful tool when complex structures are investigated. This book shows how the method can be successfully applied to inorganic and coordination compounds. In the first part, a general introduction to Molecular Modeling is given, which will be of use for chemists in all areas. The second part contains a discussion of many carefully selected examples, chosen to illustrate the wide range of applicability and the approaches being taken to dealing with some of the difficulties encountered in modeling metal complexes. In the third part, the reader is instructed how to apply Molecular Modeling to a new system. The authors take special care to highlight the possible pitfalls and offer advice on how to avoid them. Therefore, this book will be invaluable for everyone working in or entering the field.