Electrical Estimating Methods

This book presents the theoretical background as well as best practice examples of estimating in heavy construction. The examples stem from practitioners in international large-scale construction projects. As distinct from other publications on estimating, this book presents specific numbers and costs are calculated precisely. In this way the book helps to avoid errors in the estimating of construction projects like roads, bridges, tunnels, and foundations.

This code of practice, long established as a leading publication for the construction industry, provides an authoritative guide to essential principles and good practice in estimating for building work. The seventh edition includes new material on estimating strategy, tendering, procedures and best practice, as well as the build-up of unit rates of cost, overheads and profit, and e-commerce.

The essential, authoritative guide to providing accurate, systematic, and reliable estimating for construction projects—newly revised Pricing and bidding for construction work is at the heart of every construction business, and in the minds of construction consultants’ poor bids lead to poor performance and nobody wins. New Code of Estimating Practice examines the processes of estimating and pricing, providing best practice guidelines for those involved in procuring and pricing construction works, both in the public and private sectors. It embodies principles that are applicable to any project regardless of size or complexity. This authoritative guide has been completely rewritten to include much more contextual and educational material as well as the code of practice. It covers changes in estimating practice; the bidding process; the fundamentals in formulating a bid; the pre-qualification process; procurement options; contractual arrangements and legal issues; preliminaries; temporary works; cost estimating techniques; risk management; logistics; resource and production planning; computer-aided estimating; information and time planning; resource planning and pricing; preparation of an estimator’s report; bid assembly and adjudication; pre-production planning and processes; and site production. Established standard for the construction industry, providing the only code of practice on construction estimating Prepared under the auspices of the Chartered Institute of Building and endorsed by a range of other professional bodies Completely rewritten since the 7th edition, to include much more contextual and educational material, as well as the core code of practice New Code of Estimating Practice is an important book for construction contractors, specialist contractors, quantity surveyors/cost consultants, and for students of construction and quantity surveying.

From the point of view of a user this book covers all aspects of modern electrical drives. It is aimed at both users, who wish to understand, design, use, and maintain electrical drives, as well as specialists, technicians, engineers, and students, who wish to gain a comprehensive overview of electrical drives. Jens Weidauer and Richard Messer describe the principles of electrical drives, their design, and application, through to complex automation solutions. In the process, they introduce the entire spectrum of drive solutions available and their main applications. A special aspect is the combination of multiple drives to form a drive system, as well as the integration of drives into automation solutions. In simple and clear language, and supported with many diagrams, complex relationships are described and presented in an easy-to-understand way. The authors deliberately avoid a comprehensive mathematical treatment of their subject and instead focus on a coherent description of the active principles and relationships. As a result, the reader will be in a position to understand electrical drives as a whole and to solve drive-related problems in everyday professional life.

The book shows how to design and complete a range of electrical installation projects – domestic, commercial, industrial and agricultural – in a competitive manner, while ensuring full compliance with the Wiring Regulations. Guidance is given on certification and test methods, with full attention given to electrical safety requirements.

A practical and highly popular guide for electrical contractors of small installations, now fully revised in accordance with the latest wiring regulations The book is a clearly written practical guide on how to design and complete a range of electrical installation projects in a competitive manner, while ensuring full compliance with the new Wiring Regulations (updated late 2008). The updated regulations introduced changes in terminology, such as ‘basic’ and ‘fault protection’, and also changed the regulation numbers. This new edition reflects these changes. It discusses new sections covering domestic, commercial, industrial and agricultural projects, including material on marinas, caravan sites, and small scale floodlighting. This book provides guidance on certification and test methods, with full attention given to electrical safety requirements. Other brand new sections cover protective measures, additional protection by means of RCDs, the new cable guidelines for thin wall partitions and Part P of the Building Regulations. Provides simple, practical guidance on how to design electrical installation projects, including worked examples and case studies Covers new cable guidelines and Part P of the Building Regulations (Electrical Installations) in line with 17th edition of the Wiring Regulations BS 7671:2008 New chapters on protective measures and additional protection by means of RCDs (residual current devices) Features new wiring projects such as marinas, caravan sites and small scale floodlighting and street lighting Fully illustrated, including illustrations new to the fourth edition

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This book provides guidance on how to carry out the calculations required for circuit designs in compliance with the Wiring Regulations. It has been updated to take account of changes introduced by BS 7671 : 2001 and Amendment 1 to the standard which included a new table of current-carrying capacities. The book makes extensive use of worked examples with the minimum discussion of theory. Chapters cover: ? cross-sectional areas of circuit live conductors ? voltage drop under normal load conditions ? earth fault loop impedances ? protective conductor cross-sectional areas ? short circuit conditions The final chapter combines all the calculations of the previous chapters, to enable the reader to achieve the complete design of a circuit. Published on behalf of the Electrical Contractors' Association, the book filled a significant gap when it was first published. It will continue to be invaluable for all electrical contractors, as well as for plant engineers and students.

Electrical Overstress (EOS) continues to impact semiconductor manufacturing, semiconductor components and systems as technologies scale from micro- to nano-electronics. This bookteaches the fundamentals of electrical overstress and how to minimize and mitigate EOS failures. The text provides a clear picture of EOS phenomena, EOS origins, EOS sources, EOS physics, EOS failure mechanisms, and EOS on-chip and system design. It provides an illuminating insight into the sources of EOS in manufacturing, integration of on-chip, and system level EOS protection networks, followed by examples in specific technologies, circuits, and chips. The book is unique in covering the EOS manufacturing issues from on-chip design and electronic design automation to factory-level EOS program management in today’s modern world. Look inside for extensive coverage on: Fundamentals of electrical overstress, from EOS physics, EOS time scales, safe operating area (SOA), to physical models for EOS phenomena EOS sources in today’s semiconductor manufacturing environment, and EOS program management, handling and EOS auditing processing to avoid EOS failures EOS failures in both semiconductor devices, circuits and system Discussion of how to distinguish between EOS events, and electrostatic discharge (ESD) events (e.g. such as human body model (HBM), charged device model (CDM), cable discharge events (CDM), charged board events (CBE), to system level IEC 61000-4-2 test events) EOS protection on-chip design practices and how they differ from ESD protection networks and solutions Discussion of EOS system level concerns in printed circuit boards (PCB), and manufacturing equipment Examples of EOS issues in state-of-the-art digital, analog and power technologies including CMOS, LDMOS, and BCD EOS design rule checking (DRC), LVS, and ERC electronic design automation (EDA) and how it is distinct from ESD EDA systems EOS testing and qualification techniques, and Practical off-chip ESD protection and system level solutions to provide more robust systems Electrical Overstress (EOS): Devices, Circuits and Systems is a continuation of the author’s series of books on ESD protection. It is an essential reference and a useful insight into the issues that confront modern technology as we enter the nano-electronic era.

Insightful observations on common question evaluation methods and best practices for data collection in survey research Featuring contributions from leading researchers and academicians in the field of survey research, Question Evaluation Methods: Contributing to the Science of Data Quality sheds light on question response error and introduces an interdisciplinary, cross-method approach that is essential for advancing knowledge about data quality and ensuring the credibility of conclusions drawn from surveys and censuses. Offering a variety of expert analyses of question evaluation methods, the book provides recommendations and best practices for researchers working with data in the health and social sciences. Based on a workshop held at the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), this book presents and compares various question evaluation methods that are used in modern-day data collection and analysis. Each section includes an introduction to a method by a leading authority in the field, followed by responses from other experts that outline related strengths, weaknesses, and underlying assumptions. Topics covered include: Behavior coding Cognitive interviewing Item response theory Latent class analysis Split-sample experiments Multitrait-multimethod experiments Field-based data methods A concluding discussion identifies common themes across the presented material and their relevance to the future of survey methods, data analysis, and the production of Federal statistics. Together, the methods presented in this book offer researchers various scientific approaches to evaluating survey quality to ensure that the responses to these questions result in reliable, high-quality data. Question Evaluation Methods is a valuable supplement for courses on questionnaire design, survey methods, and evaluation methods at the upper-undergraduate and graduate levels. it also serves as a reference for government statisticians, survey methodologists, and researchers and practitioners who carry out survey research in the areas of the social and health sciences.