Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields

Professor Jean Van Bladel, an eminent researcher and educator in fundamental electromagnetic theory and its application in electrical engineering, has updated and expanded his definitive text and reference on electromagnetic fields to twice its original content. This new edition incorporates the latest methods, theory, formulations, and applications that relate to today's technologies. With an emphasis on basic principles and a focus on electromagnetic formulation and analysis, Electromagnetic Fields, Second Edition includes detailed discussions of electrostatic fields, potential theory, propagation in waveguides and unbounded space, scattering by obstacles, penetration through apertures, and field behavior at high and low frequencies.

The fields scattered by metallic bodies or radiated by some types of antennas are created by the surfaces currents and therefore they are subject to some restrictions. The book is the first one where the properties of these fields are investigated in details. The properties have the important significance for the antenna synthesis, body shape reconstruction and other diffraction problems. The material of the book lies in the meetingpoint of the antenna theory, highfrequency electrodynamics and inverse scattering problems. The author is an internationally renowned investigator in the field of electromagnetic waves and diffraction theory.

A thorough and rigorous analysis of electromagnetic fields in cavities This book offers a comprehensive analysis of electromagnetic fields in cavities of general shapes and properties. Part One covers classical deterministic methods to conclude resonant frequencies, modal fields, and cavity losses; quality factor; mode bandwidth; and the excitation of cavity fields from arbitrary current distributions for metal-wall cavities of simple shape. Part Two covers modern statistical methods to analyze electrically large cavities of complex shapes and properties. Electromagnetic Fields in Cavities combines rigorous solutions to Maxwell's equations with conservation of energy to solve for the statistics of many quantities of interest: penetration into cavities (and shielding effectiveness), field strengths far from and close to cavity walls, and power received by antennas within cavities. It includes all modes and shows you how to utilize fairly simple statistical formulae to apply to your particular problem, whether it's interference calculations, electromagnetic compatibility testing in reverberation chambers, measurement of shielding materials using multiple cavities, or efficiency of test antennas. Electromagnetic Fields in Cavities is a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, professors, and graduate students in electrical engineering.

A tutorial for calculating the response of molecules to electric and magnetic fields with examples from research in ultracold physics, controlled chemistry, and molecular collisions in fields Molecules in Electromagnetic Fields is intended to serve as a tutorial for students beginning research, theoretical or experimental, in an area related to molecular physics. The author—a noted expert in the field—offers a systematic discussion of the effects of static and dynamic electric and magnetic fields on the rotational, fine, and hyperfine structure of molecules. The book illustrates how the concepts developed in ultracold physics research have led to what may be the beginning of controlled chemistry in the fully quantum regime. Offering a glimpse of the current state of the art research, this book suggests future research avenues for ultracold chemistry. The text describes theories needed to understand recent exciting developments in the research on trapping molecules, guiding molecular beams, laser control of molecular rotations, and external field control of microscopic intermolecular interactions. In addition, the author presents the description of scattering theory for molecules in electromagnetic fields and offers practical advice for students working on various aspects of molecular interactions. This important text: Offers information on theeffects of electromagnetic fields on the structure of molecular energy levels Includes thorough descriptions of the most useful theories for ultracold molecule researchers Presents a wealth of illustrative examples from recent experimental and theoretical work Contains helpful exercises that help to reinforce concepts presented throughout text Written for senior undergraduate and graduate students, professors, researchers, physicists, physical chemists, and chemical physicists, Molecules in Electromagnetic Fields is an interdisciplinary text describing theories and examples from the core of contemporary molecular physics.

Reviews the fundamental concepts behind the theory and computation of electromagnetic fields The book is divided in two parts. The first part covers both fundamental theories (such as vector analysis, Maxwell’s equations, boundary condition, and transmission line theory) and advanced topics (such as wave transformation, addition theorems, and fields in layered media) in order to benefit students at all levels. The second part of the book covers the major computational methods for numerical analysis of electromagnetic fields for engineering applications. These methods include the three fundamental approaches for numerical analysis of electromagnetic fields: the finite difference method (the finite difference time-domain method in particular), the finite element method, and the integral equation-based moment method. The second part also examines fast algorithms for solving integral equations and hybrid techniques that combine different numerical methods to seek more efficient solutions of complicated electromagnetic problems. Theory and Computation of Electromagnetic Fields, Second Edition: Provides the foundation necessary for graduate students to learn and understand more advanced topics Discusses electromagnetic analysis in rectangular, cylindrical and spherical coordinates Covers computational electromagnetics in both frequency and time domains Includes new and updated homework problems and examples Theory and Computation of Electromagnetic Fields, Second Edition is written for advanced undergraduate and graduate level electrical engineering students. This book can also be used as a reference for professional engineers interested in learning about analysis and computation skills.

The Method of Lines (MOL) is a versatile approach to obtaining numerical solutions to partial differential equations (PDEs) as they appear in dynamic and static problems. This method, popular in science and engineering, essentially reduces PDEs to a set of ordinary differential equations that can be integrated using standard numerical integration methods. Its significant advantage is that the analysis algorithms follow the physical wave propagation and are therefore efficient. This is because the fields on the discretisation lines are described by generalised transmission line (GTL) equations. With this formulation we have a connection to the well known transmission line theory and resulting in an easy understanding. The method of lines is a very accurate and powerful way to analyze electromagnetic waves, enabling a full-wave solution without the computational burden of pure finite element or finite difference methods. With Analysis of Electromagnetic Fields and Waves, Reinhold Pregla describes an important and powerful method for analyzing electromagnetic waves. This book: Describes the general analysis principles for electromagnetic fields. Includes applications in microwave, millimetre wave and optical frequency regions. Unifies the analysis by introducing generalised transmission line (GTL) equations for all orthogonal coordinate systems and with materials of arbitrary anisotropy as a common start point. Demonstrates a unique analysis principle with the numerical stable impedance/admittance transformation and a physical adapted field transformation concept that is also useful for other modelling algorithms. Includes chapters on Eigenmode calculations for various waveguides, concatenations and junctions of arbitrary number of different waveguide sections in complex devices, periodic structures (e.g. Bragg gratings, meander lines, clystron resonators, photonic crystals), antennas (e.g. circular and conformal). Enables the reader to solve partial differential equations in other physical areas by using the described principles. Features an accompanying website with program codes in Matlab© for special problems. Analysis of Electromagnetic Fields and Waves will appeal to electromagnetic field practitioners in primary and applied research as well as postgraduate students in the areas of photonics, micro- and millimetre waves, general electromagnetics, e.g. microwave integrated circuits, antennas, integrated and fibre optics, optoelectronics, nanophotonics, microstructures, artificial materials.

Unique, multi-level textbook is adaptable to introductory, intermediate, and advanced levels This revolutionary textbook takes a unique approach to electromagnetic theory, comparing both conventional and modern theories. It explores both the Maxwell-Poynting representation as well as the Alternate representation, which the author demonstrates is generally simpler and more suitable for analyzing modern electromagnetic environments. Throughout the text, students and researchers have the opportunity to examine both of these theories and discover how each one can be applied to solve problems. The text is divided into four parts: Part I: Basic Electromagnetic Theory includes Maxwell's equations, quasistatics, power and energy, stress and momentum, and electromagnetic wave theorems and principles Part II: Four-Dimensional Electromagnetism includes four-dimensional vectors and tensors and energy-momentum tensors Part III: Electromagnetic Examples includes statics and quasistatics, accelerating charges, plane waves, transmission lines, waveguides, antennas and diffraction, and ferrites Part IV: Backmatter includes a summary, appendices, and references Designed to accommodate a broad range of interests and backgrounds, the text's companion DVD enables readers to reconfigure the material as an introductory-, intermediate-, or advanced-level text. Moreover, the text and its DVD offer a broad range of features that make it possible for readers to quickly grasp new concepts and apply them in practice: Practice problems provide the opportunity to solve real-world problems using electromagnetic theory Forty animations illustrate electric and magnetic field transients Line drawings and computer-generated mathematical figures clarify complex concepts and procedures. Maxima, a powerful symbolic mathematics program, helps readers explore four-dimensional electromagnetic theory as well as perform numerical and graphical analyses Adaptable to multiple levels, this text can be used for both undergraduate and graduate coursework. It is also recommended as a reference for researchers in such fields as electrical engineering, laser physics, materials science, and biomedical engineering.

Nowadays approximately 6 billion people use a mobile phone and they now take a central position within our daily lives. The 1990s saw a tremendous increase in the use of wireless systems and the democratization of this means of communication. To allow the communication of millions of phones, computers and, more recently, tablets to be connected, millions of access points and base station antennas have been extensively deployed. Small cells and the Internet of Things with the billions of connected objects will reinforce this trend. This growing use of wireless communications has been accompanied by a perception of risk to the public from exposure to radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF). To address this concern, biomedical research has been conducted. It has also been important to develop and improve dosimetry methods and protocols that could be used to evaluate EMF exposure and check compliance with health limits. To achieve this, much effort has was made in the 1990s and 2000s. Experimental and numerical methods, including statistical methods, have been developed. This book provides an overview and description of the basic and advanced methods that have been developed for human RF exposure assessment. It covers experimental, numerical, deterministic and stochastic methods.

Discover a comprehensive exploration of recent developments and fundamental concepts in the applications of metasurfaces. In Electromagnetic Metasurfaces: Theory and Applications , distinguished researchers and authors Karim Achouri and Christophe Caloz deliver an introduction to the fundamentals and applications of metasurfaces and an insightful analysis of recent and future developments in the field. The book describes the precursors and history of metasurfaces before continuing on to an exploration of the physical insights that can be gleaned from the material parameters of the metasurface. You’ll learn how to compute the fields scattered by a metasurface with known material parameters being illuminated by an arbitrary incident field, as well as how to realize a practical metasurface and relate its material parameters to its physical structures. The authors provide examples to illustrate all the concepts discussed in the book to improve and simplify reader understanding. Electromagnetic Metasurfaces concludes with an incisive discussion of the likely future directions and research opportunities in the field. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: A thorough introduction to metamaterials, the concept of metasurfaces, and metasurface precursors An exploration of electromagnetic modeling and theory, including metasurfaces as zero-thickness sheets and bianisotropic susceptibility tensors A practical discussion of susceptibility synthesis, including four-parameters synthesis, more than four-parameters synthesis, and the addition of susceptibility components A concise treatment of scattered-field analysis, including approximate analytical methods, and finite-difference frequency-domain techniques Perfect for researchers in metamaterial sciences and engineers working with microwave, THz, and optical technologies, Electromagnetic Metasurfaces: Theory and Applications will also earn a place in the libraries of graduate and undergraduate students in physics and electrical engineering.

The definitive reference on electromagnetic shielding materials, configurations, approaches, and analyses This reference provides a comprehensive survey of options for the reduction of the electromagnetic field levels in prescribed areas. After an introduction and an overview of available materials, it discusses figures of merit for shielding configurations, the shielding effectiveness of stratified media, numerical methods for shielding analyses, apertures in planar metal screens, enclosures, and cable shielding. Up to date and comprehensive, Electromagnetic Shielding: Explores new and innovative techniques in electromagnetic shielding Presents a critical approach to electromagnetic shielding that highlights the limits of formulations based on plane-wave sources Analyzes aspects not normally considered in electromagnetic shielding, such as the effects of the content of the shielding enclosures Includes references at the end of each chapter to facilitate further study The last three chapters discuss frequency-selective shielding, shielding design procedures, and uncommon ways of shielding—areas ripe for further research. This is an authoritative, hands-on resource for practicing telecommunications and electrical engineers, as well as researchers in industry and academia who are involved in the design and analysis of electromagnetic shielding structures.