Laser Isotope Separation in Atomic Vapor

Materials Science of Membranes for Gas and Vapor Separation is a one-stop reference for the latest advances in membrane-based separation and technology. Put together by an international team of contributors and academia, the book focuses on the advances in both theoretical and experimental materials science and engineering, as well as progress in membrane technology. Special attention is given to comparing polymer and inorganic/organic separation and other emerging applications such as sensors. This book aims to give a balanced treatment of the subject area, allowing the reader an excellent overall perspective of new theoretical results that can be applied to advanced materials, as well as the separation of polymers. The contributions will provide a compact source of relevant and timely information and will be of interest to government, industrial and academic polymer chemists, chemical engineers and materials scientists, as well as an ideal introduction to students.

Separation and purification processes play a critical role in biorefineries and their optimal selection, design and operation to maximise product yields and improve overall process efficiency. Separations and purifications are necessary for upstream processes as well as in maximising and improving product recovery in downstream processes. These processes account for a significant fraction of the total capital and operating costs and also are highly energy intensive. Consequently, a better understanding of separation and purification processes, current and possible alternative and novel advanced methods is essential for achieving the overall techno-economic feasibility and commercial success of sustainable biorefineries. This book presents a comprehensive overview focused specifically on the present state, future challenges and opportunities for separation and purification methods and technologies in biorefineries. Topics covered include: Equilibrium Separations: Distillation, liquid-liquid extraction and supercritical fluid extraction. Affinity-Based Separations: Adsorption, ion exchange, and simulated moving bed technologies. Membrane Based Separations: Microfiltration, ultrafiltration and diafiltration, nanofiltration, membrane pervaporation, and membrane distillation. Solid-liquid Separations: Conventional filtration and solid-liquid extraction. Hybrid/Integrated Reaction-Separation Systems: Membrane bioreactors, extractive fermentation, reactive distillation and reactive absorption. For each of these processes, the fundamental principles and design aspects are presented, followed by a detailed discussion and specific examples of applications in biorefineries. Each chapter also considers the market needs, industrial challenges, future opportunities, and economic importance of the separation and purification methods. The book concludes with a series of detailed case studies including cellulosic bioethanol production, extraction of algae oil from microalgae, and production of biopolymers. Separation and Purification Technologies in Biorefineries is an essential resource for scientists and engineers, as well as researchers and academics working in the broader conventional and emerging bio-based products industry, including biomaterials, biochemicals, biofuels and bioenergy.

The number-one guide, internationally, to all aspects of forensic isotope analysis, thoroughly updated and revised and featuring many new case studies This edition of the internationally acclaimed guide to forensic stable isotope analysis uses real-world examples to bridge discussions of the basic science, instrumentation and analytical techniques underlying forensic isotope profiling and its various technical applications. Case studies describe an array of applications, many of which were developed by the author himself. They include cases in which isotope profiling was used in murder, and drugs-related crime investigations, as well as for pharmaceutical and food authenticity control studies. Updated with coverage of exciting advances occurring in the field since the publication of the 1st edition, this 2nd edition explores innovative new techniques and applications in forensic isotope profiling, as well as key findings from original research. More than a simple update, though, this edition has been significantly revised in order to address serious problems that can arise from non-comparable and unfit-for-purpose stable isotope data. To that end, Part II has been virtually rewritten with greater emphasis now being placed on important quality control issues in stable isotope analysis in general and forensic stable isotope analysis in particular. Written in a highly accessible style that will appeal to practitioners, researchers and students alike Illustrates the many strengths and potential pitfalls of forensic stable isotope analysis Uses recent case examples to bridge underlying principles with technical applications Presents hands-on applications that let experienced researchers and forensic practitioners match problems with success stories Includes new chapters devoted to aspects of quality control and quality assurance, including scale normalisation, the identical treatment principle, hydrogen exchange and accreditation Stable Isotope Forensics, 2nd Edition is an important professional resource for forensic scientists, law enforcement officials, public prosecutors, defence attorneys, forensic anthropologists and others for whom isotope profiling has become an indispensable tool of the trade. It is also an excellent introduction to the field for senior undergraduate and graduate forensic science students. «All students of forensic criminology, and all law enforcement officers responsible for the investigation of serious crime , will want to study this book. Wolfram highlights the value, and future potential, of Stable Isotope Forensics as an emerging powerful tool in the investigation of crime.» —Roy McComb, Deputy Director, Specialist Investigations, National Crime Agency (NCA), UK “A single author text in these days is rare and the value of this book lies in the dedication and experience of the author which is evident in the clarity of prose, the honest illustration of evidence and the realistic practical application of the subject – it makes this a text of genuine scientific value.” – Prof Dame Sue Black, PhD, DBE, OBE, FRSE, Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, University of Dundee, UK

This book provides the first comprehensive, overview and guide to forensic isotope analysis, an exciting new application of stable isotope analytical techniques. Topics are introduced using examples and real-life case studies such as food quality control where isotope analysis has already had a major impact, in terms of consumer protection, These examples illustrate the underlying principles of isotope profiling or fingerprinting. A section comprising actual criminal case work is used to build a bridge between the introduction and the technical section to encourage students to engage with this novel departure for analytical sciences while at the same time providing hands-on examples for the experienced researcher and forensic practitioner to match problems and success stories encountered with the topics discussed in the technical section. What little information is available on the subject in book form so far, has been published as individual chapters in books dealing either with mass spectrometry, forensic geoscience or environmental forensics, this is the first book to focus on the entire spectrum of forensic isotope analysis and will be an invaluable reference to both researchers in the field and forensic practitioners.

Generally a laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) is defined as “a device which uses a quantum mechanical effect, stimulated emission, to generate a coherent beam of light from a lasing medium of controlled purity, size, and shape”. Laser material processing represents a great number of methods, which are rapidly growing in current and different industrial applications as new alternatives to traditional manufacturing processes. Nowadays, the use of lasers in manufacturing is an emerging area with a wide variety of applications, for example, in electronics, molds and dies, and biomedical applications. The purpose of this book is to present a collection of examples illustrating the state of the art and research developments to lasers in manufacturing, covering laser rapid manufacturing, lasers in metal forming applications, laser forming of metal foams, mathematical modeling of laser drilling, thermal stress analysis, modeling and simulation of laser welding, and the use of lasers in surface engineering. This book can be used as a research book for a final undergraduate engineering course or as a subject on lasers in manufacturing at the postgraduate level. Also, this book can serve as a useful reference for academics, laser researchers, mechanical, manufacturing, materials or physics engineers, or professionals in any related modern manufacturing technology. Contents 1. Laser Rapid Manufacturing: Technology, Applications, Modeling and Future Prospects, Christ P. Paul, Pankaj Bhargava, Atul Kumar, Ayukt K. Pathak and Lalit M. Kukreja. 2. Lasers in Metal Forming Applications, Stephen A. Akinlabi, Mukul Shukla, Esther T. Akinlabi and Tshilidzi Marwala. 3. Laser Forming of Metal Foams, Fabrizio Quadrini, Denise Bellisario, Erica A. Squeo and Loredana Santo. 4. Mathematical Modeling of Laser Drilling, Maturose Suchatawat and Mohammad Sheikh. 5. Laser Cutting a Small Diameter Hole: Thermal Stress Analysis, Bekir S. Yilbas, Syed S. Akhtar and Omer Keles. 6. Modeling and Simulation of Laser Welding, Karuppudaiyar R. Balasabramanian, Krishnasamy Sankaranarayanasamy and Gangusami N. Buvanashekaran. 7. Lasers in Surface Engineering, Alberto H. Garrido, Rub?n Gonz?lez, Modesto Cadenas, Chin-Pei Wang and Farshid Sadeghi.

This much-needed book presents a clear and very practice-oriented overview of thermal separation processes. An extensive introduction elucidates the physical and physicochemical fundamentals of different unit operations used to separate homogenous mixtures. This is followed by a concise text with numerous explanatory figures and tables referring to process and design, flowsheets, basic engineering and examples of separation process applications. Very helpful guidance in the form of process descriptions, calculation models and operation data is presented in an easy-to- understand manner thereby assisting the practicing engineer in the choosing and evaluation of separation processes and facilitating the modeling and design of innovative equipment. A comprehensive reference list provides further opportunity for the following up of special separation problems. Chemical and mechanical engineers, chemists, physicists and biotechnologists in research and development, plant design and environmental protection, as well as students in chemical engineering and natural sciences will find this all-embracing reference guide of tremendous value and practical use.

Advanced Laser Surgery in Dentistry  delivers a state-of-the-art reference for laser technology in the context of a dental practice. The book encompasses oral surgery, periodontology, and implant dentistry, covering the latest research, knowledge, and clinical practices. The author demonstrates the clinical relevance by including many real-world clinical cases that illustrate the application of the discussed techniques.  The book includes high-quality, color photographs throughout to support the text and add visual information to the covered topics, which include wound healing, oral surgery, periodontology, implant dentistry, and laser fundamentals and safety considerations.  Advanced Laser Surgery in Dentistry  provides readers with a step-by-step guide for using lasers in dental practice and discusses likely new directions and possible future treatments in the rapidly advancing field of laser dentistry. Readers will also benefit from a wide variety of subjects, including:  A thorough introduction to the fundamentals of lasers, including the beam, the laser cavity, active mediums, lenses, resonators, and delivery systems An exploration of lasers and wound healing, including soft tissue and bone healing, as well as laser-assisted excisions and osteotomies An analysis of lasers in periodontology, including laser-assisted bacteria reduction in the periodontal tissues and the removal of subgingival dental calculus A discussion of lasers in implant dentistry and treatment for peri-implantitis Perfect for oral and maxillofacial surgeons, periodontists, and implant dentists, as well as general dentists,  Advanced Laser Surgery in Dentistry  will also earn a place in the libraries of dental students and residents seeking to improve their understanding of laser-based oral and dental procedures with a carefully organized reference guide.

This timely book is the first to provide a comprehensive overview of all important aspects of this modern technology with the focus on the «green aspect». The expert authors present everything from reactions without solvents to nanostructures for separation methods, from combinatorial chemistry on solid phase to dendrimers. The result is a ready reference packed full of valuable facts on the latest developments in the field – high-quality information otherwise widely spread throughout articles and reviews. From the contents: * Green chemistry for sustainable development * New synthetic methodologies and the demand for adequate separation processes * New developments in separation processes * Future trends and needs It is a «must-have» for every researcher in the field.

A systematic exploration of both classic and contemporary algorithms in blind source separation with practical case studies The book presents an overview of Blind Source Separation, a relatively new signal processing method. Due to the multidisciplinary nature of the subject, the book has been written so as to appeal to an audience from very different backgrounds. Basic mathematical skills (e.g. on matrix algebra and foundations of probability theory) are essential in order to understand the algorithms, although the book is written in an introductory, accessible style. This book offers a general overview of the basics of Blind Source Separation, important solutions and algorithms, and in-depth coverage of applications in image feature extraction, remote sensing image fusion, mixed-pixel decomposition of SAR images, image object recognition fMRI medical image processing, geochemical and geophysical data mining, mineral resources prediction and geoanomalies information recognition. Firstly, the background and theory basics of blind source separation are introduced, which provides the foundation for the following work. Matrix operation, foundations of probability theory and information theory basics are included here. There follows the fundamental mathematical model and fairly new but relatively established blind source separation algorithms, such as Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and its improved algorithms (Fast ICA, Maximum Likelihood ICA, Overcomplete ICA, Kernel ICA, Flexible ICA, Non-negative ICA, Constrained ICA, Optimised ICA). The last part of the book considers the very recent algorithms in BSS e.g. Sparse Component Analysis (SCA) and Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF). Meanwhile, in-depth cases are presented for each algorithm in order to help the reader understand the algorithm and its application field. A systematic exploration of both classic and contemporary algorithms in blind source separation with practical case studies Presents new improved algorithms aimed at different applications, such as image feature extraction, remote sensing image fusion, mixed-pixel decomposition of SAR images, image object recognition, and MRI medical image processing With applications in geochemical and geophysical data mining, mineral resources prediction and geoanomalies information recognition Written by an expert team with accredited innovations in blind source separation and its applications in natural science Accompanying website includes a software system providing codes for most of the algorithms mentioned in the book, enhancing the learning experience Essential reading for postgraduate students and researchers engaged in the area of signal processing, data mining, image processing and recognition, information, geosciences, life sciences.

Laser Therapy in Veterinary Medicine: Photobiomodulation is a complete guide to using therapeutic lasers to treat veterinary patients, focusing on practical information. Offers a comprehensive resource for incorporating therapeutic lasers in veterinary practice Focuses on practical information tailored for the veterinary clinic Written by 37 leading experts in veterinary laser therapy Provides a thorough foundation on this standard-of-care modality Emphasizes clinical applications with a real-world approach