Memory Allocation Problems in Embedded Systems

Covers the significant embedded computing technologies—highlighting their applications in wireless communication and computing power An embedded system is a computer system designed for specific control functions within a larger system—often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. Presented in three parts, Embedded Systems: Hardware, Design, and Implementation provides readers with an immersive introduction to this rapidly growing segment of the computer industry. Acknowledging the fact that embedded systems control many of today's most common devices such as smart phones, PC tablets, as well as hardware embedded in cars, TVs, and even refrigerators and heating systems, the book starts with a basic introduction to embedded computing systems. It hones in on system-on-a-chip (SoC), multiprocessor system-on-chip (MPSoC), and network-on-chip (NoC). It then covers on-chip integration of software and custom hardware accelerators, as well as fabric flexibility, custom architectures, and the multiple I/O standards that facilitate PCB integration. Next, it focuses on the technologies associated with embedded computing systems, going over the basics of field-programmable gate array (FPGA), digital signal processing (DSP) and application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) technology, architectural support for on-chip integration of custom accelerators with processors, and O/S support for these systems. Finally, it offers full details on architecture, testability, and computer-aided design (CAD) support for embedded systems, soft processors, heterogeneous resources, and on-chip storage before concluding with coverage of software support—in particular, O/S Linux. Embedded Systems: Hardware, Design, and Implementation is an ideal book for design engineers looking to optimize and reduce the size and cost of embedded system products and increase their reliability and performance.

Since the construction of the first embedded system in the 1960s, embedded systems have continued to spread. They provide a continually increasing number of services and are part of our daily life. The development of these systems is a difficult problem which does not yet have a global solution. Another difficulty is that systems are plunged into the real world, which is not discrete (as is generally understood in computing), but has a richness of behaviors which sometimes hinders the formulation of simplifying assumptions due to their generally autonomous nature and they must face possibly unforeseen situations (incidents, for example), or even situations that lie outside the initial design assumptions. Embedded Systems presents the state of the art of the development of embedded systems and, in particular, concentrates on the modeling and analysis of these systems by looking at “model-driven engineering”, (MDE2): SysML, UML/MARTE and AADL. A case study (based on a pacemaker) is presented which enables the reader to observe how the different aspects of a system are addressed using the different approaches. All three systems are important in that they provide the reader with a global view of their possibilities and demonstrate the contributions of each approach in the different stages of the software lifecycle. Chapters dedicated to analyzing the specification and code generation are also presented. Contents Foreword, Brian R. Larson. Foreword, Dominique Potier. Introduction, Fabrice Kordon, J?r?me Hugues, Agusti Canals and Alain Dohet. Part 1. General Concepts 1. Elements for the Design of Embedded Computer Systems, Fabrice Kordon, J?r?me Hugues, Agusti Canals and Alain Dohet. 2. Case Study: Pacemaker, Fabrice Kordon, J?r?me Hugues, Agusti Canals and Alain Dohet. Part 2. SysML 3. Presentation of SysML Concepts, Jean-Michel Bruel and Pascal Roques. 4. Modeling of the Case Study Using SysML, Lo?c Fejoz, Philippe Leblanc and Agusti Canals. 5. Requirements Analysis, Ludovic Apvrille and Pierre De Saqui-Sannes. Part 3. MARTE 6. An Introduction to MARTE Concepts, S?bastien G?rard and Fran?ois Terrier. 7. Case Study Modeling Using MARTE, J?r?me Delatour and Jo?l Champeau. 8. Model-Based Analysis, Frederic Boniol, Philippe Dhaussy, Luka Le Roux and Jean-Charles Roger. 9. Model-Based Deployment and Code Generation, Chokri Mraidha, Ansgar Radermacher and S?bastien G?rard. Part 4. AADL 10. Presentation of the AADL Concepts, J?r?me Hugues and Xavier Renault. 11. Case Study Modeling Using AADL, Etienne Borde. 12. Model-Based Analysis, Thomas Robert and J?r?me Hugues. 13. Model-Based Code Generation, Laurent Pautet and B?chir Zalila. About the Authors Fabrice Kordon is Professor at University Pierre and Marie Curie in Paris, France, where he is in charge of the team “Mod?lisation et v?rification” of the LIP6. His research field is at the crossroads of distributed systems, software engineering and formal methods. J?r?me Hugues is lecturer-researcher at the Institut Sup?rieur de l’A?ronautique et de l’Espace (ISAE) in Toulouse, France and has been a member of the language standardization committee (AADL) since 2006. His research fields cover the engineering of embedded systems and the generation of automatic code of these systems from modeling languages, integrating verification and analysis tools on the model and code level. Agusti Canals is a software engineer and has worked at CS “Communication et Syst?mes” in Paris, France since 1981. He is deputy director of the “Direction de la Qualit? et des Audits Technique

The increased complexity of embedded systems coupled with quick design cycles to accommodate faster time-to-market requires increased system design productivity that involves both model-based design and tool-supported methodologies. Formal methods are mathematically-based techniques and provide a clean framework in which to express requirements and models of the systems, taking into account discrete, stochastic and continuous (timed or hybrid) parameters with increasingly efficient tools. This book deals with these formal methods applied to communicating embedded systems by presenting the related industrial challenges and the issues of modeling, model-checking, diagnosis and control synthesis, and by describing the main associated automated tools.

Offering comprehensive coverage of the convergence of real-time embedded systems scheduling, resource access control, software design and development, and high-level system modeling, analysis and verification Following an introductory overview, Dr. Wang delves into the specifics of hardware components, including processors, memory, I/O devices and architectures, communication structures, peripherals, and characteristics of real-time operating systems. Later chapters are dedicated to real-time task scheduling algorithms and resource access control policies, as well as priority-inversion control and deadlock avoidance. Concurrent system programming and POSIX programming for real-time systems are covered, as are finite state machines and Time Petri nets. Of special interest to software engineers will be the chapter devoted to model checking, in which the author discusses temporal logic and the NuSMV model checking tool, as well as a chapter treating real-time software design with UML. The final portion of the book explores practical issues of software reliability, aging, rejuvenation, security, safety, and power management. In addition, the book: Explains real-time embedded software modeling and design with finite state machines, Petri nets, and UML, and real-time constraints verification with the model checking tool, NuSMV Features real-world examples in finite state machines, model checking, real-time system design with UML, and more Covers embedded computer programing, designing for reliability, and designing for safety Explains how to make engineering trade-offs of power use and performance Investigates practical issues concerning software reliability, aging, rejuvenation, security, and power management Real-Time Embedded Systems is a valuable resource for those responsible for real-time and embedded software design, development, and management. It is also an excellent textbook for graduate courses in computer engineering, computer science, information technology, and software engineering on embedded and real-time software systems, and for undergraduate computer and software engineering courses.

Embedded systems become more and more complex and require having some knowledge in various disciplines such as electronics, data processing, telecommunications and networks. Without detailing all the aspects related to the design of embedded systems, this book, which was written by specialists in electronics, data processing and telecommunications and networks, gives an interesting point of view of communication techniques and problems in embedded systems. This choice is easily justified by the fact that embedded systems are today massively communicating and that telecommunications and networks constitute the main sector of embedded systems.

Embedded systems become more and more complex and require having some knowledge in various disciplines such as electronics, data processing, telecommunications and networks. Without detailing all the aspects related to the design of embedded systems, this book, which was written by specialists in electronics, data processing and telecommunications and networks, gives an interesting point of view of communication techniques and problems in embedded systems. This choice is easily justified by the fact that embedded systems are today massively communicating and that telecommunications and networks constitute the main sector of embedded systems.

Multiplexed networks are essential for the unified, efficient and cost-effective exchange of electronic information within embedded component systems. This is especially important in automotive manufacturing as vehicles become increasingly reliant on robust electronic networks and systems for improved reliability, anti-lock brake systems (ABS), steering, on-board navigation systems, and much more. The latest systems such as X-by-Wire and FlexRay aim to produce faster, fault-tolerant network component interconnects, for state-of-the-art network implementation and safer, more reliable engineering of vehicular systems. This book provides a thorough and comprehensive introduction to automotive multiplexed network buses, covering the technical principles, components, implementation issues and applications. Key features: Presents a thorough coverage of the controller area network (CAN) protocol, including information on physical layers, conformity problems, hardware and software tools, and application layers. Gives a detailed description of the new local interconnect network (LIN) bus, setting out its developments, properties, problems and ways to overcome these. Examines the existing and emerging network buses such as time-triggered CAN (TTCAN), FlexRay and X-by-Wire. Explores the possibilities for linking the various buses that are discussed, explaining how the Fail-Safe-System basis chip (SBC) and other gateways are designed and constructed. Analyses wired and wireless internal and external serial links, including Safe-by-Wire plus, I2C, Media Oriented Systems Transport (MOST), remote keyless entry, tyre pressure monitoring systems (TPMS) and Bluetooth. A valuable guide to embedded systems for a range of applications, Multiplexed Networks for Embedded Systems: CAN, LIN, FlexRay, Safe-by-Wire…is essential reading for electronics engineers and researchers developing electronics for the automotive industry. It is also useful for practising aerospace engineers and other practitioners interested in the application of network technologies, and advanced students taking courses on automotive and embedded system design.

Tackling problems from the least complicated to the most, Resource Allocation in Uplink OFDMA Wireless Systems provides readers with a comprehensive look at resource allocation and scheduling techniques (for both single and multi-cell deployments) in uplink OFDMA wireless networks—relying on convex optimization and game theory to thoroughly analyze performance. Inside, readers will find topics and discussions on: Formulating and solving the uplink ergodic sum-rate maximization problem Proposing suboptimal algorithms that achieve a close performance to the optimal case at a considerably reduced complexity and lead to fairness when the appropriate utility is used Investigating the performance and extensions of the proposed suboptimal algorithms in a distributed base station scenario Studying distributed resource allocation where users take part in the scheduling process, and considering scenarios with and without user collaboration Formulating the sum-rate maximization problem in a multi-cell scenario, and proposing efficient centralized and distributed algorithms for intercell interference mitigation Discussing the applicability of the proposed techniques to state-of-the-art wireless technologies, LTE and WiMAX, and proposing relevant extensions Along with schematics and figures featuring simulation results, Resource Allocation in Uplink OFDMA Wireless Systems is a valuable book for?wireless communications and cellular systems professionals and students.

A number of different system concepts have become apparent in the broader context of embedded systems over the past few years. Whilst there are some differences between these, this book argues that in fact there is much they share in common, particularly the important notions of control, heterogenity, wireless communication, dynamics/ad hoc nature and cost. The first part of the book covers cooperating object applications and the currently available application scenarios, such as control and automation, healthcare, and security and surveillance. The second part discusses paradigms for algorithms and interactions. The third part covers various types of vertical system functions, including data aggregation, resource management and time synchronization. The fourth part outlines system architecture and programming models, outlining all currently available architectural models and middleware approaches that can be used to abstract the complexity of cooperating object technology. Finally, the book concludes with a discussion of the trends guiding current research and gives suggestions as to possible future developments and how various shortcomings in the technology can be overcome.

This book introduces the state-of-the-art in research in parallel and distributed embedded systems, which have been enabled by developments in silicon technology, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), wireless communications, computer networking, and digital electronics. These systems have diverse applications in domains including military and defense, medical, automotive, and unmanned autonomous vehicles. The emphasis of the book is on the modeling and optimization of emerging parallel and distributed embedded systems in relation to the three key design metrics of performance, power and dependability. Key features: Includes an embedded wireless sensor networks case study to help illustrate the modeling and optimization of distributed embedded systems. Provides an analysis of multi-core/many-core based embedded systems to explain the modeling and optimization of parallel embedded systems. Features an application metrics estimation model; Markov modeling for fault tolerance and analysis; and queueing theoretic modeling for performance evaluation. Discusses optimization approaches for distributed wireless sensor networks; high-performance and energy-efficient techniques at the architecture, middleware and software levels for parallel multicore-based embedded systems; and dynamic optimization methodologies. Highlights research challenges and future research directions. The book is primarily aimed at researchers in embedded systems; however, it will also serve as an invaluable reference to senior undergraduate and graduate students with an interest in embedded systems research.