Nanometer Frequency Synthesis Beyond the Phase-Locked Loop

The latest frequency synthesis techniques, including sigma-delta, Diophantine, and all-digital Sigma-delta is a frequency synthesis technique that has risen in popularity over the past decade due to its intensely digital nature and its ability to promote miniaturization. A continuation of the popular Frequency Synthesis by Phase Lock, Second Edition, this timely resource provides a broad introduction to sigma-delta by pairing practical simulation results with cutting-edge research. Advanced Frequency Synthesis by Phase Lock discusses both sigma-delta and fractional-n—the still-in-use forerunner to sigma-delta—employing Simulink® models and detailed simulations of results to promote a deeper understanding. After a brief introduction, the book shows how spurs are produced at the synthesizer output by the basic process and different methods for overcoming them. It investigates how various defects in sigma-delta synthesis contribute to spurs or noise in the synthesized signal. Synthesizer configurations are analyzed, and it is revealed how to trade off the various noise sources by choosing loop parameters. Other sigma-delta synthesis architectures are then reviewed. The Simulink simulation models that provided data for the preceding discussions are described, providing guidance in making use of such models for further exploration. Next, another method for achieving wide loop bandwidth simultaneously with fine resolution—the Diophantine Frequency Synthesizer—is introduced. Operation at extreme bandwidths is also covered, further describing the analysis of synthesizers that push their bandwidths close to the sampling-frequency limit. Lastly, the book reviews a newly important technology that is poised to become widely used in high-production consumer electronics—all-digital frequency synthesis. Detailed appendices provide in-depth discussion on various stages of development, and many related resources are available for download, including Simulink models, MATLAB® scripts, spreadsheets, and executable programs. All these features make this authoritative reference ideal for electrical engineers who want to achieve an understanding of sigma-delta frequency synthesis and an awareness of the latest developments in the field.

How to acquire the input frequency from an unlocked state A phase locked loop (PLL) by itself cannot become useful until it has acquired the applied signal's frequency. Often, a PLL will never reach frequency acquisition (capture) without explicit assistive circuits. Curiously, few books on PLLs treat the topic of frequency acquisition in any depth or detail. Frequency Acquisition Techniques for Phase Locked Loops offers a no-nonsense treatment that is equally useful for engineers, technicians, and managers. Since mathematical rigor for its own sake can degenerate into intellectual «rigor mortis,» the author introduces readers to the basics and delivers useful information with clear language and minimal mathematics. With most of the approaches having been developed through years of experience, this completely practical guide explores methods for achieving the locked state in a variety of conditions as it examines: Performance limitations of phase/frequency detector–based phase locked loops The quadricorrelator method for both continuous and sampled modes Sawtooth ramp-and-sample phase detector and how its waveform contains frequency error information that can be extracted The benefits of a self-sweeping, self-extinguishing topology Sweep methods using quadrature mixer-based lock detection The use of digital implementations versus analog Frequency Acquisition Techniques for Phase Locked Loops is an important resource for RF/microwave engineers, in particular, circuit designers; practicing electronics engineers involved in frequency synthesis, phase locked loops, carrier or clock recovery loops, radio-frequency integrated circuit design, and aerospace electronics; and managers wanting to understand the technology of phase locked loops and frequency acquisition assistance techniques or jitter attenuating loops. Errata can be found by visiting the Book Support Site at: http://booksupport.wiley.com

Solid-Phase Organic Synthesis Edited by Kevin Burgess, Texas A & M University Efficient, high-throughput chemistry is now the focus of many research laboratories. Solid-phase organic syntheses are central to many of these combinatorial and parallel screening methodologies. Consequently, they have been a major scientific theme of the 1990s and promise to remain prominent for the first part of the new millennium. Indeed, a bewildering number of papers have entered the literature on this topic; some report minor modifications enabling transformation of solution-phase methods to a solid support, while others report major innovations. Solid-Phase Organic Synthesis collects, highlights, and critiques some of the key developments in the field. Leading practitioners explain different perspectives on diverse aspects of the area. Specific topics covered include: Syntheses of guanidines Palladium-catalyzed C-C bond forming reactions S_nAr reactions for the formation of heterocycles Sequence-specific arylalkyne oligomers Resin-supported capture agents and other reagents Synthesis on pins Monitoring of supported reactions using IR Solid-phase syntheses of natural product derivatives Of related interest: Combinatorial Chemistry and Molecular Diversity in Drug Discovery, Eric M. Gordon and James F. Kerwin 1998 (0-471-15518-7) 544 pp. Combinatorial Chemistry Synthesis and Application, Stephen R. Wilson and Anthony W. Czarnik 1997 (0-471-12687-X) 288 pp.

Filling the gap in the market dedicated to PLL structures for power systems Internationally recognized expert Dr. Masoud Karimi-Ghartemani brings over twenty years of experience working with PLL structures to Enhanced Phase-Locked Loop Structures for Power and Energy Applications, the only book on the market specifically dedicated to PLL architectures as they apply to power engineering. As technology has grown and spread to new devices, PLL has increased in significance for power systems and the devices that connect with the power grid. This book discusses the PLL structures that are directly applicable to power systems using simple language, making it easily digestible for a wide audience of engineers, technicians, and graduate students. Enhanced phase-locked loop (EPLL) has become the most widely utilized architecture over the past decade, and many books lack explanation of the structural differences between PLL and EPLL. This book discusses those differences and also provides detailed instructions on using EPLL for both single-phase applications and three-phase applications. The book’s major topics include: A basic look at PLL and its standard structure A full explanation of EPLL EPLL extensions and modifications Digital implementation of EPLL Extensions of EPLL to three-phase structures Dr. Karimi-Ghartemani provides basic analysis that helps readers understand each of the structures presented without requiring complicated mathematical proofs. His book is filled with illustrated examples and simulations that connect theory to the real world, making Enhanced Phase-Locked Loop Structures for Power and Energy Applications an ideal reference for anyone working with inverters, rectifiers, and related technologies.

The first overview of this topic begins with some historical aspects and a survey of the principles of the gas aggregation method. The second part covers modifications of this method resulting in different specialized techniques, while the third discusses the post-growth treatment that can be applied to the nanoparticles. The whole is rounded off by a review of future perspectives and the challenges facing the scientific and industrial communities. An excellent resource for anyone working with the synthesis of nanoparticles, both in academia and industry.

Presents both the fundamental concepts and the most recent applications in solid-phase organic synthesis With its emphasis on basic concepts, Solid-Phase Organic Synthesis guides readers through all the steps needed to design and perform successful solid-phase organic syntheses. The authors focus on the fundamentals of heterogeneous supports in the synthesis of organic molecules, explaining the use of a solid material to facilitate organic synthesis. This comprehensive text not only presents the fundamentals, but also reviews the most recent research findings and applications, offering readers everything needed to conduct their own state-of-the-art science experiments. Featuring chapters written by leading researchers in the field, Solid-Phase Organic Synthesis is divided into two parts: Part One, Concepts and Strategies, discusses the linker groups used to attach the synthesis substrate to the solid support, colorimetric tests to identify the presence of functional groups, combinatorial synthesis, and diversity-oriented synthesis. Readers will discover how solid-phase synthesis is currently used to facilitate the discovery of new molecular functionality. The final chapter discusses how using a support can change or increase reaction selectivity. Part Two, Applications, presents examples of the solid-phase synthesis of various classes of organic molecules. Chapters explore general asymmetric synthesis on a support, strategies for heterocyclic synthesis, and synthesis of radioactive organic molecules, dyes, dendrimers, and oligosaccharides. Each chapter ends with a set of conclusions that underscore the key concepts and methods. References in each chapter enable readers to investigate any topic in greater depth. With its presentation of basic concepts as well as recent findings and applications, Solid-Phase Organic Synthesis is the ideal starting point for students and researchers in organic, medicinal, and combinatorial chemistry who want to take full advantage of current solid-phase synthesis techniques.

The Art of Drug Synthesis illustrates how chemistry, biology, pharmacokinetics, and a host of other disciplines come together to produce successful medicines. The authors have compiled a collection of 21 representative categories of drugs, from which they have selected as examples many of the best-selling drugs on the market today. An introduction to each drug is provided, as well as background to the biology, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and drug metabolism, followed by a detailed account of the drug synthesis. Edited by prominent scientists working in drug discovery for Pfizer Meets the needs of a growing community of researchers in pharmaceutical R&D Provides a useful guide for practicing pharmaceutical scientists as well as a text for medicinal chemistry students An excellent follow-up to the very successful first book by these editors, Contemporary Drug Synthesis, but with all new therapeutic categories and drugs discussed.