Physical Properties of High-Temperature Superconductors

Included in this volume are papers on biaxial and triaxial crystallographic texturing, epitaxial growth on biaxially textured substrates, melt-processing of YBCO, and basic information about HTS materials concerning phase diagrams, measurement of physical properties, characterization, and effects of various defects including grain boundaries on supercurrent transmission. Proceedings of the symposium held at the 104th Annual Meeting of The American Ceramic Society, April 28-May1, 2002 in Missouri; Ceramic Transactions, Volume 140.

The only one-stop reference to design, analysis, and manufacturing concepts for power devices utilizing HTS. High temperature superconductors (HTS) have been used for building many devices for electric grids worldwide and for large ship propulsion motors for the U.S. Navy. And yet, there has been no single source discussing theory and design issues relating to power applications of HTS—until now. This book provides design and analysis for various devices and includes examples of devices built over the last decade. Starting with a complete overview of HTS, the subsequent chapters are dedicated to specific devices: cooling and thermal insulation systems; rotating AC and DC machines; transformers; fault current limiters; power cables; and Maglev transport. As applicable, each chapter provides a history of the device, principles, configuration, design and design challenges, prototypes, and manufacturing issues, with each ending with a summary of the material covered. The design analysis and design examples provide critical insight for readers to successfully design their own devices. Original equipment manufacturer (OEM) designers, industry and utilities users, universities and defense services research groups, and senior/postgraduate engineering students and instructors will rely on this resource. «HTS technology reduces electric losses and increases the efficiency of power equipment. This book by Swarn Kalsi, a leading expert on the HTS subject, provides a survey of the HTS technology and the design rules, performance analyses, and manufacturing concepts for power application-related devices. It compares conventional and HTS technology approaches for device design and provides significant examples of devices utilizing the HTS technology today. The book is useful for a broad spectrum of professionals worldwide: students, teaching staff, and OEM designers as well as users in industry and electric utilities.» —Professor Dr. Rolf Hellinger, Research and Technologies Corporate Technology, Siemens AG

Explains and analyzes polymer physical chemistry research methods and experimental data Taking a fresh approach to polymer physical chemistry, Physical Properties of Macromolecules integrates the two foundations of physical polymer science, theory and practice. It provides the tools to understand polymer science concepts and research methods, while also instructing how to analyze experimental data. Drawing on the author's own extensive research in physical properties of polymers as well as more traditional topics, this text offers detailed analysis of numerous problems in polymer science, including laboratory data and research results. Topics include: Solid-state dynamics of polymeric materials Glass transitions in amorphous polymers Semicrystalline polymers and melting transitions Viscoelastic behavior Relaxation processes Macromolecule-metal complexes Mechanical properties of linear and crosslinked polymers Filled with detailed graphs to help explain important quantitative trends, Physical Properties of Macromolecules teaches by example, ensuring comprehension of the subject as well as the methodology to implement theory, problem-solving techniques, and research results in practical situations. This resource serves as the ideal companion for government laboratories, industrial research scientists, engineers, and professionals in polymer science fields who are interested in fully grasping all aspects of physical polymer science.

Modern semiconductor and laser techniques would be unthinkable today without a highly developed physics of solids. As tailored materials increasingly gain significance, it is more important than ever to understand the basics of crystalline materials and the influence of their symmetry on phenomenological aspects. This first international edition of a classic German standard integrates the latest developments in the field, including two-dimensional crystals and Giant Magneto-Resistance. Its aim is to impart the knowledge necessary to comprehend the manifold peculiarities of crystalline substances in a comprehensive and easily accessible manner. The book devotes much space to a coherent introduction to tensor calculation, making this the first to address the topic in a readily understandable way. Supplemented by 40 exercises with their solutions, this is an ideal textbook for students of physics and chemistry, solid state physicists and chemists, and materials scientists, but also a comprehensive resource for those who wish to get an overview of this important topic.

This handbook is a unique compendium of knowledge on all aspects of the physics of liquid crystals. In over 500 pages it provides detailed information on the physical properties of liquid crystals as well as the recent theories and results on phase transitions, defects and textures of different types of liquid crystals. An in-depth understanding of the physical fundamentals is a prerequisite for everyone working in the field of liquid crystal research. With this book the experts as well as graduate students entering the field get all the information they need.

The first book to extensively cover nanoparticles, this addresses some of the key issues in nanocomposites. Polymer nanocomposites (polymers reinforced with nanoparticles), are of great interest due to their remarkable mechanical, thermal, chemical properties as well as optical, electronic, and magnetic applications Potential applications include automobile body parts, high-barrier packaging materials, flame-retardants, scratch-resistant composites, and biodegradable nanocomposites Combines basic theory as well as advanced and in-depth knowledge of these properties Broad audience includes researchers in Materials Science, Physics, Polymer Chemistry, and Engineering, and those in industry

Understanding the rheological properties of fresh concrete, the hydration phenomenon of cement responsible for structuration, the relationship between the characteristics of the porous solid obtained and its mechanical performances or resistance to the aggressive penetration requires a complex knowledge of the physicochemistry of reactive porous materials. The development of simple formulation rules therefore requires the assimilation of this knowledge and a good command of the properties of these materials. The purpose of this book is to provide the mix designer with useful knowledge on granular materials and porous materials, which will enable the innovative design of concrete. Topics covered include the characterization of granular materials, the concepts of porosity and specific surface area, and the transport properties (diffusion and permeation) of concrete. Some of these topics are already covered in other general books dedicated to granular or porous materials. The objective here is to bring them together in one book by adapting them for use by concrete specialists. Applications in the form of exercises are offered at the end of each chapter to enable readers to assimilate the theoretical knowledge and to apply such knowledge to concrete problems encountered in civil engineering. Contents 1. Description of Granular Materials, Definitions. 2. Granulometry. 3. Specific Surface Area of Materials. 4. Voids in Granular Materials and the Arrangement of Grains. 5. Voids in Concrete. 6. The Fundamentals of Diffusion. 7. Permeability.

ENGINEERING PHYSICS OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE MATERIALS Discover a comprehensive exploration of high temperature materials written by leading materials scientists In Engineering Physics of High-Temperature Materials: Metals, Ice, Rocks, and Ceramics distinguished researchers and authors Nirmal K. Sinha and Shoma Sinha deliver a rigorous and wide-ranging discussion of the behavior of different materials at high temperatures. The book discusses a variety of physical phenomena, from plate tectonics and polar sea ice to ice-age and intraglacial depression and the postglacial rebound of Earth’s crust, stress relaxation at high temperatures, and microstructure and crack-enhanced Elasto Delayed Elastic Viscous (EDEV) models. At a very high level, Engineering Physics of High-Temperature Materials (EPHTM) takes a multidisciplinary view of the behavior of materials at temperatures close to their melting point. The volume particularly focuses on a powerful model called the Elasto-Delayed-Elastic-Viscous (EDEV) model that can be used to study a variety of inorganic materials ranging from snow and ice, metals, including complex gas-turbine engine materials, as well as natural rocks and earth formations (tectonic processes). It demonstrates how knowledge gained in one field of study can have a strong impact on other fields. Engineering Physics of High-Temperature Materials will be of interest to a broad range of specialists, including earth scientists, volcanologists, cryospheric and interdisciplinary climate scientists, and solid-earth geophysicists. The book demonstrates that apparently dissimilar polycrystalline materials, including metals, alloys, ice, rocks, ceramics, and glassy materials, all behave in a surprisingly similar way at high temperatures. This similarity makes the information contained in the book valuable to all manner of physical scientists. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: A thorough introduction to the importance of a unified model of high temperature material behavior, including high temperature deformation and the strength of materials An exploration of the nature of crystalline substances for engineering applications, including basic materials classification, solid state materials, and general physical principles Discussions of forensic physical materialogy and test techniques and test systems Examinations of creep fundamentals, including rheology and rheological terminology, and phenomenological creep failure models Perfect for materials scientists, metallurgists, and glaciologists, Engineering Physics of High-Temperature Materials: Metals, Ice, Rocks, and Ceramics will also earn a place in the libraries of specialists in the nuclear, chemical, and aerospace industries with an interest in the physics and engineering of high-temperature materials.

The first part of this book looks at the consequence of chemical and topological defects existing on real surfaces, which explain the wettability of super hydrophilc and super hydrophobic surfaces. There follows an in-depth analysis of the acido-basicity of surfaces with, as an illustration, different wettability experiments on real materials. The next chapter deals with various techniques enabling the measurement of acido basicity of the surfaces including IR and XPS technics. The last part of the book presents an electrochemical point of view which explains the surface charges of the oxide at contact with water or other electrolyte solutions in the frame of Bronsted acido-basicity concept. Various consequences are deduced from such analyses illustrated by original measurement of the point of zero charge or by understanding the basic principles of the electrowetting experiments.

Creep and fatigue are the most prevalent causes of rupture in superalloys, which are important materials for industrial usage, e.g. in engines and turbine blades in aerospace or in energy producing industries. As temperature increases, atom mobility becomes appreciable, affecting a number of metal and alloy properties. It is thus vital to find new characterization methods that allow an understanding of the fundamental physics of creep in these materials as well as in pure metals. Here, the author shows how new in situ X-ray investigations and transmission electron microscope studies lead to novel explanations of high-temperature deformation and creep in pure metals, solid solutions and superalloys. This unique approach is the first to find unequivocal and quantitative expressions for the macroscopic deformation rate by means of three groups of parameters: substructural characteristics, physical material constants and external conditions. Creep strength of the studied up-to-date single crystal superalloys is greatly increased over conventional polycrystalline superalloys. From the contents: – Macroscopic characteristics of strain at high temperatures – Experimental equipment and technique of in situ X-ray investigations – Experimental data and structural parameters in deformed metals – Subboundaries as dislocation sources and obstacles – The physical mechanism of creep and the quantitative structural model – Simulation of the parameters evolution – System of differential equations – High-temperature deformation of industrial superalloys – Single crystals of superalloys – Effect of composition, orientation and temperature on properties – Creep of some refractory metals For materials scientists, solid state physicists, solid state chemists, researchers and practitioners from industry sectors including metallurgical, mechanical, chemical and structural engineers.