Физика ЛитРес

The growing number of scientific and technological applications of plasma physics in the field of Aerospace Engineering requires that graduate students and professionals understand their principles. This introductory book is the expanded version of class notes of lectures I taught for several years to students of Aerospace Engineering and Physics. It is intended as a reading guide, addressed to students and non-specialists to tackle later with more advanced texts. To make the subject more accessible the book does not follow the usual organization of standard textbooks in this field and is divided in two parts. The first introduces the basic kinetic theory (molecular collisions, mean free path, etc.) of neutral gases in equilibrium in connection to the undergraduate physics courses. The basic properties of ionized gases and plasmas (Debye length, plasma frequencies, etc.) are addressed in relation to their equilibrium states and the collisional processes at the microscopic level. The physical description of short and long-range (Coulomb) collisions and the more relevant collisions (elementary processes) between electrons' ions and neutral atoms or molecules are discussed. The second part introduces the physical description of plasmas as a statistical system of interacting particles introducing advanced concepts of kinetic theory, (non-equilibrium distribution functions, Boltzmann collision operator, etc). The fluid transport equations for plasmas of electron ions and neutral atoms and the hydrodynamic models of interest in space science and plasma technology are derived. The plasma production in the laboratory in the context of the physics of electric breakdown is also discussed. Finally, among the myriad of aerospace applications of plasma physics, the low pressure microwave electron multipactor breakdown and plasma thrusters for space propulsion are presented in two separate chapters.

This book presents advances in x-ray spectroscopy of plasmas interacting with a laser radiation and laser-induced plasmas. This research is practically important for the quest for the controlled nuclear fusion, for studying matter under extreme conditions, for providing atomic reference data, for laboratory modelling of physical processes in astrophysical objects, and for a better understanding of intense laser-plasma interactions. This book significantly expands the scope of practical applications of x-ray spectroscopy of laser plasmas compared to traditional x-ray diagnostics of laser plasmas. The recent advances presented in this book enable studying the development of Langmuir waves, ion acoustic waves, transverse electromagnetic waves, parametric decay instabilities, as well as the rates of charge exchange between multicharged ions. Key Features Presents novel methods of the x-Ray spectroscopy for both non-relativistic and relativistic laser-plasma interactions Includes novel methods of the x-Ray spectroscopy for measuring ultra-intense magnetic fields in laser plasmas Examines advanced designs of plasma-tunable x-ray lasers Demonstrates various analytical formalisms underlying the advances described in the book

This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the field of geochemistry. The book first lays out the ‘geochemical toolbox’: the basic principles and techniques of modern geochemistry, beginning with a review of thermodynamics and kinetics as they apply to the Earth and its environs. These basic concepts are then applied to understanding processes in aqueous systems and the behavior of trace elements in magmatic systems. Subsequent chapters introduce radiogenic and stable isotope geochemistry and illustrate their application to such diverse topics as determining geologic time, ancient climates, and the diets of prehistoric peoples. The focus then broadens to the formation of the solar system, the Earth, and the elements themselves. Then the composition of the Earth itself becomes the topic, examining the composition of the core, the mantle, and the crust and exploring how this structure originated. A final chapter covers organic chemistry, including the origin of fossil fuels and the carbon cycle’s role in controlling Earth’s climate, both in the geologic past and the rapidly changing present. Geochemistry is essential reading for all earth science students, as well as for researchers and applied scientists who require an introduction to the essential theory of geochemistry, and a survey of its applications in the earth and environmental sciences. Additional resources can be found at: www.wiley.com/go/white/geochemistry

An advanced level introductory book covering fundamental aspects, design and dynamics of electric and hybrid electric vehicles There is significant demand for an understanding of the fundamentals, technologies, and design of electric and hybrid electric vehicles and their components from researchers, engineers, and graduate students. Although there is a good body of work in the literature, there is still a great need for electric and hybrid vehicle teaching materials. Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: Technologies, Modeling and Control – A Mechatronic Approach is based on the authors’ current research in vehicle systems and will include chapters on vehicle propulsion systems, the fundamentals of vehicle dynamics, EV and HEV technologies, chassis systems, steering control systems, and state, parameter and force estimations. The book is highly illustrated, and examples will be given throughout the book based on real applications and challenges in the automotive industry. Designed to help a new generation of engineers needing to master the principles of and further advances in hybrid vehicle technology Includes examples of real applications and challenges in the automotive industry with problems and solutions Takes a mechatronics approach to the study of electric and hybrid electric vehicles, appealing to mechanical and electrical engineering interests Responds to the increase in demand of universities offering courses in newer electric vehicle technologies

Since the publication of the Second Edition in 2001, there have been considerable advances and developments in the field of internal combustion engines. These include the increased importance of biofuels, new internal combustion processes, more stringent emissions requirements and characterization, and more detailed engine performance modeling, instrumentation, and control. There have also been changes in the instructional methodologies used in the applied thermal sciences that require inclusion in a new edition. These methodologies suggest that an increased focus on applications, examples, problem-based learning, and computation will have a positive effect on learning of the material, both at the novice student, and practicing engineer level. This Third Edition mirrors its predecessor with additional tables, illustrations, photographs, examples, and problems/solutions. All of the software is ‘open source’, so that readers can see how the computations are performed. In addition to additional java applets, there is companion Matlab code, which has become a default computational tool in most mechanical engineering programs.

Gallium nitride (GaN) is an emerging technology that promises to displace silicon MOSFETs in the next generation of power transistors. As silicon approaches its performance limits, GaN devices offer superior conductivity and switching characteristics, allowing designers to greatly reduce system power losses, size, weight, and cost. This timely second edition has been substantially expanded to keep students and practicing power conversion engineers ahead of the learning curve in GaN technology advancements. Acknowledging that GaN transistors are not one-to-one replacements for the current MOSFET technology, this book serves as a practical guide for understanding basic GaN transistor construction, characteristics, and applications. Included are discussions on the fundamental physics of these power semiconductors, layout and other circuit design considerations, as well as specific application examples demonstrating design techniques when employing GaN devices. With higher-frequency switching capabilities, GaN devices offer the chance to increase efficiency in existing applications such as DC–DC conversion, while opening possibilities for new applications including wireless power transfer and envelope tracking. This book is an essential learning tool and reference guide to enable power conversion engineers to design energy-efficient, smaller and more cost-effective products using GaN transistors. Key features: Written by leaders in the power semiconductor field and industry pioneers in GaN power transistor technology and applications. Contains useful discussions on device–circuit interactions, which are highly valuable since the new and high performance GaN power transistors require thoughtfully designed drive/control circuits in order to fully achieve their performance potential. Features practical guidance on formulating specific circuit designs when constructing power conversion systems using GaN transistors – see companion website for further details. A valuable learning resource for professional engineers and systems designers needing to fully understand new devices as well as electrical engineering students.

A knowledge of atomic theory should be an essential part of every physicist's and chemist's toolkit. This book provides an introduction to the basic ideas that govern our understanding of microscopic matter, and the essential features of atomic structure and spectra are presented in a direct and easily accessible manner. Semi-classical ideas are reviewed and an introduction to the quantum mechanics of one and two electron systems and their interaction with external electromagnetic fields is featured. Multielectron atoms are also introduced, and the key methods for calculating their properties reviewed.

This book is primarily a guide for professionals and can be used by students of Dynamics. It features 96 real-life problems in dynamics that are common in all engineering fields; including industrial, mechanical and electrical. And it uses a special table guide that allows the reader to find the solution to each specific problem. The descriptions of the solutions of problems are presented in the chapters 3 to 18.Features   ·         The analysis of the structure of the differential equation of motion, as well as the analysis of the components that constitute this equation presented in the Chapter 1 allow readers to understand the principles of composing the differential equation of motion for actual engineering systems. ·         Presents the straightforward universal methodology of solving linear differential equations of motion based on the Laplace transform. ·         The table of Laplace Transform pairs presented in the Chapter 1 is based on reviewing numerous related analytical sources and represents a comprehensive source containing sufficient information for solving the differential equations of motion for common engineering systems. ·         Helps determine the number of possible common engineering problems based on the analysis of the structure of the differential equation of motion, as well as on the realistic resisting and active loading factors that constitute the differential equation of motion. ·         Each paragraph represents a standalone description.  There is no need to look for notations or analytical techniques throughout the book. The book contains all required supplemental information for solving the problems. 

This book comprises the lectures of a two-semester course on quantum field theory, presented in a quite informal and personal manner. The course starts with relativistic one-particle systems, and develops the basics of quantum field theory with an analysis on the representations of the Poincaré group. Canonical quantization is carried out for scalar, fermion, Abelian and non-Abelian gauge theories. Covariant quantization of gauge theories is also carried out with a detailed description of the BRST symmetry. The Higgs phenomenon and the standard model of electroweak interactions are also developed systematically. Regularization and (BPHZ) renormalization of field theories as well as gauge theories are discussed in detail, leading to a derivation of the renormalization group equation. In addition, two chapters — one on the Dirac quantization of constrained systems and another on discrete symmetries — are included for completeness, although these are not covered in the two-semester course.This second edition includes two new chapters, one on Nielsen identities and the other on basics of global supersymmetry. It also includes two appendices, one on fermions in arbitrary dimensions and the other on gauge invariant potentials and the Fock-Schwinger gauge.Contents:

• Preface
• Relativistic Equations
• Solutions of the Dirac Equation
• Properties of the Dirac Equation
• Representations of Lorentz and Poincaré Groups
• Free Klein–Gordon Field Theory
• Self-Interacting Scalar Field Theory
• Complex Scalar Field Theory
• Dirac Field Theory
• Maxwell Field Theory
• Dirac Method for Constrained Systems
• Discrete Symmetries
• Yang–Mills Theory
• BRST Invariance and Its Consequences
• Higgs Phenomenon and the Standard Model
• Regularization of Feynman Diagrams
• Renormalization Theory
• Renormalization Group and Equation
• Nielsen Identities and Gauge Independence of Physical Parameters
• Basics of Global Supersymmetry
• Index

Readership: Graduate students and researchers in theoretical physics. Quantum Field Theory00

The dynamics of quantum systems exposed to ultrafast (at the femtosecond time-scale) and strong laser radiation has a highly non-linear character, leading to a number of new phenomena, outside the reach of traditional spectroscopy. The current laser technology makes feasible the probing and control of quantum-scale systems with fields that are as strong as the interatomic Coulombic interactions and time resolution that is equal to (or less than) typical atomic evolution times. It is indispensable that any theoretical description of the induced physical processes should rely on the accurate calculation of the atomic structure and a realistic model of the laser radiation as pulsed fields. This book aims to provide an elementary introduction of theoretical and computational methods and by no means is anywhere near to complete. The selection of the topics as well as the particular viewpoint is best suited for early-stage students and researchers; the included material belongs in the mainstream of theoretical approaches albeit using simpler language without sacrificing mathematical accuracy. Therefore, subjects such as the Hilbert vector-state, density-matrix operators, amplitude equations, Liouville equation, coherent laser radiation, free-electron laser, Dyson-chronological operator, subspace projection, perturbation theory, stochastic density-matrix equations, time-dependent Schrödinger equation, partial-wave analysis, spherical-harmonics expansions, basis and grid wavefunction expansions, ionization, electron kinetic-energy and angular distributions are presented within the context of laser-atom quantum dynamics.

AWS (The American Welding Society) is the worldwide leader in certification programs for the welding industry.  Since the CWI (Certified Welding Inspectors) program inception in 1976, AWS has certified more than 100,000 welding inspectors alone, plus thousands more working professionals across other certification categories. AWS conducts exams in locations around the world, including 550 U.S. sites and 40 countries each year.   Many candidates mistakenly assume their field experience is enough to obtain certification, only to end up frustrated when they fail to pass their exam. Certification exams are intentionally comprehensive to ensure the welding industry the high-quality personnel needed to handle these complex roles.  The process requires almost everyone to prepare to some extent – even those with years of experience:How much preparation? It depends upon your current skills and knowledge.Are the rewards worth it? The rewards are often worth the time you invest: certification can boost your earnings significantly and expand your career opportunities.   While there are a few books that can be purchased from the AWS and outside sources on the CWI exam, there are no publications dedicated to helping CWI candidates pass the exam. This title was written for that express purpose.   This work is a comprehensive collection of preparatory exam questions and answers for welders, inspectors, students, or anyone interested in the welding metallurgical field.  The work boasts appendices that include tables, formulas, lists of organizations and major corporations employing welders and inspectors.   

Assuming a background in basic classical physics, multivariable calculus, and differential equations, A Concise Introduction to Quantum Mechanics provides a self-contained presentation of the mathematics and physics of quantum mechanics. The relevant aspects of classical mechanics and electrodynamics are reviewed, and the basic concepts of wave-particle duality are developed as a logical outgrowth of experiments involving blackbody radiation, the photoelectric effect, and electron diffraction. The Copenhagen interpretation of the wave function and its relation to the particle probability density is presented in conjunction with Fourier analysis and its generalization to function spaces. These concepts are combined to analyze the system consisting of a particle confined to a box, developing the probabilistic interpretation of observations and their associated expectation values. The Schrödinger equation is then derived by using these results and demanding both Galilean invariance of the probability density and Newtonian energy-momentum relations. The general properties of the Schrödinger equation and its solutions are analyzed, and the theory of observables is developed along with the associated Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Basic applications of wave mechanics are made to free wave packet spreading, barrier penetration, the simple harmonic oscillator, the Hydrogen atom, and an electric charge in a uniform magnetic field. In addition, Dirac notation, elements of Hilbert space theory, operator techniques, and matrix algebra are presented and used to analyze coherent states, the linear potential, two state oscillations, and electron diffraction. Applications are made to photon and electron spin and the addition of angular momentum, and direct product multiparticle states are used to formulate both the Pauli exclusion principle and quantum decoherence. The book concludes with an introduction to the rotation group and the general properties of angular momentum.

This book will introduce advanced concepts and topics of solid-state theory. To this end we need a tool box that enables us to treat electron–electron interactions, and possibly also electron–phonon or phonon–phonon interactions in some well-defined, appro

This textbook focuses on the fully classical theory of FELs with application to FEL oscillators and develops the fundamentals of FEL theory in sufficient depth to provide both a solid understanding of FEL physics and a solid background for research in the

This book provides a brief exposition of the principles of beam physics and particle accelerators with an emphasis on numerical examples employing readily available computer tools. However, it avoids detailed derivations, instead inviting the reader to use general high-end languages such as Mathcad and Matlab, as well as specialized particle accelerator codes (e.g. MAD, WinAgile, Elegant, and others) to explore the principles presented. This approach allows readers to readily identify relevant design parameters and their scaling. In addition, the computer input files can serve as templates that can be easily adapted to other related situations. The examples and computer exercises comprise basic lenses and deflectors, fringe fields, lattice and beam functions, synchrotron radiation, beam envelope matching, betatron resonances, and transverse and longitudinal emittance and space charge. The last chapter presents examples of two major types of particle accelerators: radio frequency linear accelerators (RF linacs) and storage rings. Lastly, the appendix gives readers a brief description of the computer tools employed and concise instructions for their installation and use in the most popular computer platforms (Windows, Macintosh and Ubuntu Linux). Hyperlinks to websites containing all relevant files are also included. An essential component of the book is its website (actually part of the author's website at the University of Maryland), which contains the files that reproduce results given in the text as well as additional material such as technical notes and movies.

After a quarter century of discoveries that rattled the foundations of classical mechanics and electrodynamics, the year 1926 saw the publication of two works intended to provide a theoretical structure to support new quantum explanations of the subatomic world. Heisenberg's matrix mechanics and Schrodinger’s wave mechanics provided compatible but mathematically disparate ways of unifying the discoveries of Planck, Einstein, Bohr and many others. Efforts began immediately to prove the equivalence of these two structures, culminated successfully by John von Neumann’s 1932 volume «Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics.» This forms the springboard for the current effort. We begin with a presentation of a minimal set of von Neumann postulates while introducing language and notation to facilitate subsequent discussion of quantum calculations based in finite dimensional Hilbert spaces. Chapters which follow address two-state quantum systems (with spin one-half as the primary example), entanglement of multiple two-state systems, quantum angular momentum theory and quantum approaches to statistical mechanics. A concluding chapter gives an overview of issues associated with quantum mechanics in continuous infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces.

The complexity and vulnerability of the human body has driven the development of a diverse range of diagnostic and therapeutic techniques in modern medicine. The Nuclear Medicine procedures of Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and Radionuclide Therapy are well-established in clinical practice and are founded upon the principles of radiation physics. This book will offer an insight into the physics of nuclear medicine by explaining the principles of radioactivity, how radionuclides are produced and administered as radiopharmaceuticals to the body and how radiation can be detected and used to produce images for diagnosis. The treatment of diseases such as thyroid cancer, hyperthyroidism and lymphoma by radionuclide therapy will also be explored.

This book provides a theoretical background in computation to scientists who use computational methods. It explains how computing is used in the natural sciences, and provides a high-level overview of those aspects of computer science and software engineering that are most relevant for computational science. The focus is on concepts, results, and applications, rather than on proofs and derivations. The unique feature of this book is that it “connects the dots between computational science, the theory of computation and information, and software engineering. The book should help scientists to better understand how they use computers in their work, and to better understand how computers work. It is meant to compensate a bit for the general lack of any formal training in computer science and information theory. Readers will learn something they can use throughout their careers.

This book is both an introduction and a demonstration of how Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) can greatly enhance Microsoft Excel® by giving users the ability to create their own functions within a worksheet and to create subroutines to perform repetitive actions. The book is written so readers are encouraged to experiment with VBA programming with examples using fairly simple physics or non-complicated mathematics such as root finding and numerical integration. Tested Excel® workbooks are available for each chapter and there is nothing to buy or install.

This book demonstrates the concept of Fourier ptychography, a new imaging technique that bypasses the resolution limit of the employed optics. In particular, it transforms the general challenge of high-throughput, high-resolution imaging from one that is coupled to the physical limitations of the optics to one that is solvable through computation. Demonstrated in a tutorial form and providing many MATLAB® simulation examples for the reader, it also discusses the experimental implementation and recent developments of Fourier ptychography. This book will be of interest to researchers and engineers learning simulation techniques for Fourier optics and the Fourier ptychography concept.

Monte Carlo methods have been very prominent in computer simulation of various systems in physics, chemistry, biology, and materials science. This book focuses on the discussion and path-integral quantum Monte Carlo methods in many-body physics and provides a concise but complete introduction to the Metropolis algorithm and its applications in these two techniques. To explore the schemes in clarity, several quantum many-body systems are analysed and studied in detail. The book includes exercises to help digest the materials covered. It can be used as a tutorial to learn the discussion and path-integral Monte Carlo or a recipe for developing new research in the reader's own area. Two complete Java programs, one for the discussion Monte Carlo of 4^He clusters on a graphite surface and the other for the path-integral Monte Carlo of cold atoms in a potential trap, are ready for download and adoption.

How does it happen that billions of stars can cooperate to produce the beautiful spirals that characterize so many galaxies, including ours? This book reviews the history behind the discovery of spiral galaxies and the problems faced when trying to explain the existence of spiral structure within them. In the book, subjects such as galaxy morphology and structure are addressed as well as several models for spiral structure. The evidence in favor or against these models is discussed. The book ends by discussing how spiral structure can be used as a proxy for other properties of spiral galaxies, such as their dark matter content and their central supermassive black hole masses, and why this is important.

Have you ever seen a comet? It is a marvelous experience, one that all humans can share, that spawns a deep yearning to understand the spectacle. Have you ever wondered what comets are and why astronomers spend so much time studying them? Now, a comet expert and an astronomical historian have come together to produce the unique book that you now hold in your hands. Using their several decades of teaching experience, the authors have concisely presented the information you need to comprehend these majestic apparitions that grace our night skies. No mathematical proficiency is needed, in fact, this book doesn't contain a single equation! Comets are cosmic Rosetta stones, bridging our current knowledge by digging back to the earliest days of our Solar Systems. How did life arise on Earth? Did comets play a significant role in bringing water and the necessary organic matter to our early Earth? How about the dinosaurs? Were they driven to extinction by a cometary impact 66 million years ago? Comets may be both the enablers and destroyers of life on Earth as we know it. These are some of the tantalizing questions discussed here. If you so desire, steps are given to join the ranks of amateur comet hunters. Astronomy is one of the last sciences where amateurs play a significant role. Your reward for discovery? A comet officially bearing your name in the history books! The next Great Comet is on its way, we just do not know when it will arrive. Armed with this book, you will be ready to enjoy this unforgettable event.

Domain theory, a subject that arose as a response to natural concerns in the semantics of computation, studies ordered sets which possess an unusual amount of mathematical structure. This book explores its connection with quantum information science and the concept that relates them: disorder. This is not a literary work. It can be argued that its subject, domain theory and quantum information science, does not even really exist, which makes the scope of this alleged 'work' irrelevant. BUT, it does have a purpose and to some extent, it can also be said to have a method. I leave the determination of both of those largely to you, the reader. Except to say, I am hoping to convince the uninitiated to take a look. A look at what? Twenty years ago, I failed to satisfactorily prove a claim that I still believe: that there is substantial domain theoretic structure in quantum mechanics and that we can learn a lot from it. One day it will be proven to the point that people will be comfortable dismissing it as a 'well-known' idea that many (possibly including themselves) had long suspected but simply never bothered to write down. They may even call it «obvious!» I will not bore you with a brief history lesson on why it is not obvious, except to say that we have never been interested in the difficulty of proving the claim only in establishing its validity. This book then documents various attempts on my part to do just that.

The bicycle is a common, yet unique mechanical contraption in our world. In spite of this, the bike's physical and mechanical principles are understood by a select few. You do not have to be a genius to join this small group of people who understand the physics of cycling. This is your guide to fundamental principles (such as Newton's laws) and the book provides intuitive, basic explanations for the bicycle's behaviour. Each concept is introduced and illustrated with simple, everyday examples. Although cycling is viewed by most as a fun activity, and almost everyone acquires the basic skills at a young age, few understand the laws of nature that give magic to the ride. This is a closer look at some of these fun, exhilarating, and magical aspects of cycling. In the reading, you will also understand other physical principles such as motion, force, energy, power, heat, and temperature.

This book begins with an examination of the numbers of women in physics in English-speaking countries, moving on to examine factors that affect girls and their decision to continue in science, right through to education and on into the problems that women in physics careers face. Looking at all of these topics with one eye on the progress that the field has made in the past few years, and another on those things that we have yet to address, the book surveys the most current research as it tries to identify strategies and topics that have significant impact on issues that women have in the field.

This book examines the lives and contributions of American women physicists who were active in the years following World War II, during the middle decades of the 20th century. It covers the strategies they used to survive and thrive in a time where their gender was against them. The percentage of PhD’s in physics has risen for 6% in 1983 to 20% in 2012 (an all-time high for women). By understanding the history of women in physics, these gains can continue. It discusses to major classes of women physicists; those who worked on military projects, and those who worked in industrial laboratories and at universities largely in the late 1940s and 1950s. While it includes minimal discussion of physics and physicists in the 1960s and later, this book focuses on the challenges and successes of women physicists in the years immediately following World War II and before the eras of affirmative actions and the use of the personal computer.

В монографии рассмотрен широкий спектр теоретических проблем, возникающих при изучении взаимодействия света с полем акустической волны, пути их решения и представлены результаты технической реализации полученных результатов в спектроскопии, оптической обработке информации, лазерной технике, оптоволоконной связи, кристаллофизике, микробиологии.

In Moravian Soundscapes, Sarah Eyerly contends that the study of sound is integral to understanding the interactions between German Moravian missionaries and Native communities in early Pennsylvania. In the mid-18th century, when the frontier between settler and Native communities was a shifting spatial and cultural borderland, sound mattered. People listened carefully to each other and the world around them. In Moravian communities, cultures of hearing and listening encompassed and also superseded musical traditions such as song and hymnody. Complex biophonic, geophonic, and anthrophonic acoustic environments—or soundscapes—characterized daily life in Moravian settlements such as Bethlehem, Nain, Gnadenhütten, and Friedenshütten. Through detailed analyses and historically informed recreations of Moravian communal, environmental, and religious soundscapes and their attendant hymn traditions, Moravian Soundscapes explores how sounds—musical and nonmusical, human and nonhuman—shaped the Moravians' religious culture. Combined with access to an interactive website that immerses the reader in mid-18th century Pennsylvania, and framed with an autobiographical narrative, Moravian Soundscapes recovers the roles of sound and music in Moravian communities and provides a road map for similar studies of other places and religious traditions in the future.

В учебнике дано систематическое изложение курса общей физики, приведены примеры решения задач, задачи для самостоятельного решения, вопросы и тесты. Особенностью настоящего издания является возможность использовать его для самостоятельной работы при изучении нового материала, повторении и подготовке к экзаменам. Соответствует ФГОС СПО последнего поколения. Для преподавателей и студентов, обучающихся по гуманитарным специальностям, а также учащихся колледжей и 10–11-х классов общеобразовательных школ. Может быть использован при подготовке к ЕГЭ.

NINE LEVELS, EASY TO EXPERT This book stands apart from other staff training manuals. While most titles focus on forms and twirling, The Art and Science of Staff Fighting emphasizes the dynamics of combat. The author draws on thirty years of martial experience, presenting the best of both Eastern and Western traditions. Joe Varady lays out a comprehensive course of study in nine levels, from beginner to expert. He guides readers through such fundamentals as stances, striking, blocking, and footwork. In advanced lessons, readers learn disarming techniques, groundwork, and facing multiple opponents. But this book is not just for staff enthusiasts. Even those unfamiliar with martial arts can adapt these techniques, increasing their skill and confidence in defending themselves. "Our environment is usually full of improvised weapons,” Varady writes. “Staff fighting techniques can be effectively applied in a self-defense situation using a walking stick, coatrack, curtain rod, floor lamp, hockey stick, fallen tree branch, broom, mop, shovel, or rake.” Equipped with this knowledge, readers will begin to realize that, in one way or another, they are nearly always armed and capable of defending themselves. This book features: Nine levels of instruction, progressing from easy to expert Over 600 photos with motion arrows A “nondenominational” approach to staff, utilizing the best of Eastern and Western arts A comprehensive, methodical approach to building staff skills If you are already a student of the staff, these lessons will not conflict with your katas or current style. Instead, they will augment your techniques, broadening your options. Whether you are an experienced staff fighter or a layman seeking practical techniques for self-defense, The Art and Science of Staff Fighting will help you develop the skills you need.

В монографии излагаются кватернионные модели и методы динамики, инерциальной навигации и управления движением, использующие для описания движения гиперкомплексные переменные – кватернионы Гамильтона. Описывается кватернионный метод регуляризации дифференциальных уравнений пространственной задачи двух тел и возмущенного центрального движения материальной точки, приводятся кватернионные регулярные модели небесной механики и астродинамики. Рассматриваются кватернионные модели относительного движения динамически симметричных механических систем, теории гироскопов, инерциальной навигации. С их использованием решается ряд задач динамики твердого тела, изучается движение гиромаятниковых систем. Излагаются кватернионные модели и методы синтеза нелинейных законов управления угловым движением твердого тела, исследуются задачи об оптимальной встрече управляемого космического аппарата с неуправляемым аппаратом. Описывается новый метод теории устойчивости и управления движением твердого тела, основывающийся на теоремах Эйлера–Даламбера и Шаля. Студентам, аспирантам, преподавателям, научным сотрудникам и инженерам – специалистам в области теоретической и прикладной механики, прикладной математики, навигации и управления движением, небесной механики и астродинамики, приборостроения.

Книга рассказывает о Луне: о ее наблюдениях с помощью телескопа, об изучении ее поверхности и недр автоматическими аппаратами и о пилотируемых экспедициях астронавтов по программе «Аполлон». Приведены исторические и научные данные о Луне, фотографии и карты ее поверхности, описание космических аппаратов и детальный рассказ об экспедициях. Обсуждаются возможности изучения Луны научными и любительскими средствами, перспективы ее освоения. Книга предназначена тем, кто интересуется космическими исследованиями, приступает к самостоятельным астрономическим наблюдениям или увлечен историей техники и межпланетных полетов.

В монографии развито применение линейной параметризации группы GL(4,C) комплексных преобразований в 4-мерном пространстве. За основу берется возможность любую (4×4)-мерную матрицу раскладывать по 16-мерному базису матриц Дирака, тем самым получая унифицированную параметризацию группы и всех ее подгрупп. Изучен вопрос о линейной параметризации унитарной группы SU(4). Исследовано дираковское представление матриц Гелл-Манна. Формализм применен к развитию математического аппарата поляризационной оптики Стокса–Мюллера и Джонса, при этом демонстрируется единство математических методов описания симметрии в релятивистской физике с методами, которые используются в поляризационной оптике. В частности, рассмотрено применение в поляризационной оптике 2- и 4-мерных спиноров; восстановление 3- и 4-мерных матриц Мюллера по поляризационным измерениям; приведение мюллеровских квадратичных форм к диагональному виду; описание преобразований Мюллера общего типа подмножествами вырожденных матриц со структурой полугрупп; классификация таких вырожденных преобразований и др. Адресуется научным работникам, преподавателям высших учебных заведений, а также аспирантам и студентам, специализирующимся в области теоретической физики.

Рассмотрены ключевые вопросы расчета и проектирования трансмиссий мобильных машин на основе созданного комплекса ресурсно-функциональных моделей. Разработаны методики и программные модули анализа и синтеза, схематизации, кинематического и динамического расчетов, оценки реальной надежности трансмиссии и мобильной машины в целом, что соответствует модельному подходу, лежащему в основе идеологии Индустрии 4.0. Трансмиссия рассматривается как многокомпонентная система с изменяемой структурой и состояниями для воспроизведения ее основных свойств в процессе жизненного цикла. Приведены примеры расчетов трансмиссий известных мировых и отечественных производителей. Представлено сравнение транспортных средств с различными приводами по энергетической эффективности и совокупной стоимости владения на примере городских электробусов. Предназначена для специалистов по трансмиссиям, а также для аспирантов, магистрантов и студентов высших технических учебных заведений.

Темой этой книги, c одной стороны, является диалог между христианским богословием и наукой, с другой стороны, в ней проводится философская экспликация мотивов, движущих космологию с акцентом на центральной роли человеческой личности в формировании смысла того, что называется "вселенная". При этом, поскольку человек понимается в контексте отношений с Богом, космическая история, артикулируемая наукой, интерпретируется как включенная в порядок человеческой истории спасения, а не наоборот. Суть того, что называется богословской преданностью, можно понять как присутствие богословского гомункулуса в любом вопрошании о смысле вселенной как смысле человеческого существования вообще. В контексте феноменологического анализа это значит, что мы преднамеренно отказываемся от осуществления редукции божественного, исходя из того, что сама фактичность артикулирующего вселенную сознания проистекает из сотворения человека в божественном образе. Богословская преданность соответствует взгляду на вселенную как горизонт всех смыслов и феноменализации реальности, дарованный человеку по факту его воплощенной жизни, так что перенасыщающая интуитивная данность вселенной формирует структуры человеческой субъективности. Космологический дискурс тогда трактуется как эксплицирующий экзистенциальные тревоги (космическую бездомность) и формы представления предельных состояний (рождения и смерти). Книга предназначена для широкой аудитории, интересующейся диалогом между наукой и богословием, философией космологии, феноменологической философией, христианским богословием.

Настоящая монография посвящена теории оптических высокодобротных микрорезонаторов и их применению в линейной, нелинейной, квантовой и прикладной оптике. Оптические микрорезонаторы с модами типа шепчущей галереи, предложенные впервые российскими учеными, уникально сочетают субмиллиметровый размер с гигантской добротностью. Такие резонаторы находят все более широкое распространение в экспериментальной физике и технике, в частности, в высокостабильных генераторах, разнообразных сенсорах, датчиках, фильтрах и других оптоэлектронных устройствах. Для специалистов и студентов оптических специальностей.

Изложена теория возникновения характеристического и тормозного рентгеновского излучения. Обсуждены особенности ряда источников рентгеновского излучения. Рассмотрено взаимодействие рентгеновского излучения с веществом (процессы поглощения, рассеяния, преломления и отражения). Особое внимание уделено вопросам возбуждения рентгеновской флуоресценции и ее зависимости от ряда факторов. Книга предназначена для исследователей, работающих в конкретных областях физики рентгеновского излучения, для инженерно–технического персонала, использующего рентгеновское излучение при решении производственных и аналитических задач, а также для преподавателей и студентов физических специальностей. Издание осуществлено при поддержке Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований по проекту 06-02-30001д

Книга написана по материалам научных разработок и лекционных материалов автора, прочитанных в разных высших учебных заведениях по расчёту и моделированию электромагнитных полей в техносфере. Книга предназначена для учащихся высших электротехнических учебных заведений по направлениям подготовки бакалавров, специалистов и магистров. Может представлять интерес для аспирантов, научных и инженерно-технических работников учебных и научно-исследовательских институтов и занятых на предприятиях электроэнергетики.

Physics is a branch of science that many people consider to be too complicated to understand. In this exciting addition to the ?Exploring? series, John Hudson Tiner puts this myth to rest as he explains the fascinating world of physics in a way that students from elementary to high school can comprehend. Did you know that a feather and a lump of lead will fall at the same rate in a vacuum? Learn about the history of physics from Aristotle to Galileo to Isaac Newton to the latest advances. Discover how the laws of motion and gravity affect everything from the normal activities of everyday life to launching rockets into space. Learn about the effects of inertia firsthand during fun and informative experiments. Exploring the World of Physics is a great tool for students of all ages who want to have a deeper understanding of the important and interesting ways that physics affects our lives and is complete with illustrations, chapter questions, and an index.

This text investigates what the Bible has to say about astronomical objects and phenomena. The Bible contains many mentions of astronomical things, beginning with creation and concluding with end-time prophecies. Besides the sun and moon, the Bible names groups of stars, Orion, the Pleiades, and the bears. In addition to what the biblical record shows about astronomical phenomena, many people think that it teaches things that it actually does not teach. These concepts are examined in depth as well. Unique among books discussing the intersection of biblical text and astronomy because of the range of questions explored and answered definitive work that explores many popular questions and misconceptions about the universe and the Bible Sorts fact from fiction and truth from popular myths as the true purpose of these enigmatic lights in the night sky are revealed

This revised edition of an extremely clear Navy training manual leaves nothing to be desired in its presentation. Thorough in its coverage of basic theory, from the lever and inclined plane to internal combustion engines and power trains, it requires nothing more than an understanding of the most elementary mathematics. Beginning with the simplest of machines — the lever — the text proceeds to discussions of the block and tackle (pulleys and hoists), wheel and axle, the inclined plane and the wedge, the screw, and different types of gears (simple, spur, bevel, herringbone, spiral, worm, etc.). A chapter on the concept of work discusses the measurement of work, friction, and efficiency; this is followed by investigations of power, force, and pressure, with explanations of the uses of scales, balances, gauges, and barometers. The fundamentals of hydrostatic and hydraulic machines (such as the hydraulic braking system and the hydraulic press) are discussed in detail. The remaining chapters cover machine elements (bearings and springs), basic mechanisms (gear differential, couplings, cams, clutches), the internal combustion engine and power trains (including explanations of various transmission systems — synchromesh, auxiliary, etc.). Every concept is clearly defined, and discussions always build easily from elementary theory to specific applications familiar to anyone with the slightest interest in mechanics. Important concepts, machine components, and techniques are clearly illustrated in more than 200 diagrams, drawings, and cross-sections that reveal inner workings — all of these help to clarify even further an already clear and well-organized presentation. Although it was originally designed for use in U.S. Naval Training Schools, this book can be used to great advantage as a basic text in mechanical engineering in standard technical schools, and it will be immensely valuable even to lay readers who desire a basic knowledge of mechanics.

Во втором томе книги «Нестационарные и хаотические процессы» рассмотрены такие современные области исследования в радиофизике, электронике и нелинейной динамике как разработка новых принципов генерации хаотических сигналов СВЧ-диапазона и создание на их основе источников широкополосных шумоподобных сигналов для современных информационнотелекоммуникационных систем, различные методы управления хаотическими колебаниями в пучково-плазменных системах, синхронизация (в том числе и хаотическая) в приборах электроники сверхвысоких частот, нелинейные волновые процессы в системах с магнитостатическими волнами и при распространении волновых пучков. Для физиков различных специальностей, интересующихся процессами взаимодействия электронов с электромагнитными полями, для научных работников, аспирантов и инженеров, проводящих исследования в области вакуумной СВЧ электроники, радиофизики, радиотехники и физики плазмы. Она может быть полезна студентам старших курсов соответствующих специальностей.

В книге рассмотрены современные теоретические методы фемтосекундной оптики, излагаются физические принципы функционирования фемтосекундных лазеров с длительностью импульсов излучения порядка 10[-13]–10[-14] секунды, а также применения таких лазеров для изучения быстропротекающих и случайных процессов в аморфных средах при высоких температурах, для поиска перспективных носителей информации оптических процессоров и хладагентов твердотельных оптических рефрижераторов, для использования фемтосекундных импульсов в устройствах квантового счета. Значительное место уделяется основам фемтосекундной эхо-спектроскопии неупорядоченных молекулярных твердотельных сред. Для специалистов в области когерентной и квантовой оптики. Может служить учебным пособием для чтения лекций по одноименному курсу студентам, магистрантам и аспирантам физических факультетов государственных университетов и технических вузов, специализирующихся в подготовке специалистов по современным лазерным и информационным технологиям.

Книга посвящена коррелированным фотонам в квантовой оптике, методам их получения и некоторым применениям в бифотонной спектроскопии и поляризационной томографии бифотонного поля. Рассчитана на студентов старших курсов физических факультетов университетов, магистрантов и аспирантов, специализирующихся в области квантовой оптики. Книга может быть полезна научным работникам, проводящим исследования в области современных информационных технологий, квантовых коммуникаций и квантовых вычислений.

В монографии исследованы симметричные и несимметричные отрывные течения и их перестройка около пар тел различной формы в широком диапазоне чисел Маха и Рейнольдса. Дан анализ нестационарных отрывных течений около различных тел (сфера, торец, конус), впереди которых установлена невращающаяся или вращающаяся игла с плоским насадком на конце (клин, пластина). Представлены результаты исследования отрывных течений в области взаимодействия колеблющегося вдоль потока с заданной частотой и амплитудой скачка уплотнения (различной интенсивности) с пограничным слоем на пластине при ламинарном, переходном и турбулентном режимах обтекания. Рассмотрены отрывные течения около пар тел при разгоне, торможении и дискретном изменении чисел Маха потока на до-, транс- и сверхзвуковых режимах. Результаты вышеперечисленных фундаментальных исследований широко используются в промышленных испытаниях новых образцов авиационно-космической техники и артиллерийского вооружения. Издание осуществлено при финансовой и организационной поддержке ФГУП «Центральный аэрогидродинамический институт» им. профессора Н.Е. Жуковского.

Рассмотрена идеальная асинхронная машина, представляющая собой умозрительный физический объект, в максимально упрощенном виде воспроизводящий конструкцию асинхронной машины. Описано преобразование пространственно-распределенных электромагнитных взаимодействий элементов такой машины в двумерное векторное пространство. Получены векторно-матричные уравнения установившегося и переходного режимов и показано их преобразование в удобную для численных расчетов форму. Предложен алгоритм векторного управления током, устанавливающий прямую связь состояния ключей трехфазного моста силовой схемы питания электродвигателя с вектором потока и описана конструкция датчика вектора потока. Приведены результаты экспериментов на компьютерных моделях, имитирующих установившиеся и переходные режимы, а также поведение модели в процессах регулирования.

Рассматривается модификация теории пограничного слоя, у свободной поверхности вязкой несжимаемой жидкости, по которой бегут поперечные волны, или границы раздела двух несмешивающихся вязких жидкостей, ориентированная на аналитические расчеты свободных осцилляций большой амплитуды сферических объемов вязкой жидкости, капиллярного волнового движения на поверхности цилиндрической струи и капиллярно-гравитационного волнового движения на свободной плоской поверхности вязкой жидкости. В пособии приводятся подробные решения классическими методами математической физики ряда задач теории электрогидродинамики, направленных на нахождение пограничных слоев у плоской, сферической и цилиндрической свободных равновесных поверхностей вязкой несжимаемой жидкости или границ раздела несмешивающихся жидкостей.

Книга посвящена рассмотрению тепловой модели воздействия лазерного излучения на конденсированные среды. Описаны механизмы поглощения и диссипации энергии света в металлах и полупроводниках. Рассмотрена роль поверхностных электромагнитных волн оптического диапазона, процессы нагревания вещества лазерным излучением в линейных и нелинейных режимах, а также нетермические эффекты, сопровождающие лазерный нагрев. Детально рассмотрены механизмы лазерного разрушения поглощающих материалов. Изложены математические модели лазерного испарения для различных условий и сред. Тепловая модель распространена на оптический пробой прозрачных сред; рассмотрены механизмы пробоя газов и идеальных прозрачных твердых тел, тепловой неустойчивости на поглощающих неоднородностях, а также статистическая концепция оптического пробоя. Для научных работников, студентов и аспирантов, специализирующихся в области лазерной техники и технологии. Рекомендовано УМО по образованию в области приборостроения и оптотехники в качестве учебного пособия для студентов высших учебных заведений, обучающихся по специальности 200201 «Лазерная техника и лазерные технологии». В оформлении обложки использован рисунок Леонардо да Винчи.

This book will challenge everything you have ever believed about the nature of time. Using modern day analytic techniques it unveils anagrams within Nostradamus lettering that are undeniably there. But they have no right to be. They explode the mind via their complexity, linkages and modernity. And it is set out so that you can see it for yourself. Yet a new frame for understanding is built while its flow saps at all reason. How did Nostradamus do it? What was his goal? Why write for us, 500 years beyond his death? All this and more is here for you to read.

Лабораторный практикум по разделам «Оптика», «Атомная и ядерная физика» состоит из двух частей. Во второй части приведены описания девяти лабораторных работ, поставленных на базе современного лабораторного оборудования фирмы PHYWE. Рассмотрены следующие темы: геометрическая оптика; фотометрия; интерференция и дифракция световых волн; поляризация света; дисперсия света; взаимодействие света с веществом; законы теплового излучения; строение вещества. К каждой работе дано теоретическое введение.

Лабораторный практикум по разделу «Оптика. Атомная и ядерная физика» состоит из двух частей. В первой части приведены описания восьми лабораторных работ, поставленных на базе современного оборудования фирмы PHYWE. Рассмотрены следующие темы: измерение скорости света; законы линз и оптических приборов; дифракция света на щели и на краю экрана; закон Малюса; эффект Фарадея; определение постоянной Планка c помощью внешнего фотоэффекта; определение постоянной Ридберга по спектру излучения атомарного водорода; эффект Холла в германии n-типа. К каждой лабораторной работе дано теоретическое введение.