Европейский пасьянс. Хроника последнего десятилетия царствования Екатерины II

A balanced guide to the essential techniques for solving elliptic partial differential equations Numerical Analysis of Partial Differential Equations provides a comprehensive, self-contained treatment of the quantitative methods used to solve elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs), with a focus on the efficiency as well as the error of the presented methods. The author utilizes coverage of theoretical PDEs, along with the nu merical solution of linear systems and various examples and exercises, to supply readers with an introduction to the essential concepts in the numerical analysis of PDEs. The book presents the three main discretization methods of elliptic PDEs: finite difference, finite elements, and spectral methods. Each topic has its own devoted chapters and is discussed alongside additional key topics, including: The mathematical theory of elliptic PDEs Numerical linear algebra Time-dependent PDEs Multigrid and domain decomposition PDEs posed on infinite domains The book concludes with a discussion of the methods for nonlinear problems, such as Newton's method, and addresses the importance of hands-on work to facilitate learning. Each chapter concludes with a set of exercises, including theoretical and programming problems, that allows readers to test their understanding of the presented theories and techniques. In addition, the book discusses important nonlinear problems in many fields of science and engineering, providing information as to how they can serve as computing projects across various disciplines. Requiring only a preliminary understanding of analysis, Numerical Analysis of Partial Differential Equations is suitable for courses on numerical PDEs at the upper-undergraduate and graduate levels. The book is also appropriate for students majoring in the mathematical sciences and engineering.

Provides an introduction to basic structures of probability with a view towards applications in information technology A First Course in Probability and Markov Chains presents an introduction to the basic elements in probability and focuses on two main areas. The first part explores notions and structures in probability, including combinatorics, probability measures, probability distributions, conditional probability, inclusion-exclusion formulas, random variables, dispersion indexes, independent random variables as well as weak and strong laws of large numbers and central limit theorem. In the second part of the book, focus is given to Discrete Time Discrete Markov Chains which is addressed together with an introduction to Poisson processes and Continuous Time Discrete Markov Chains. This book also looks at making use of measure theory notations that unify all the presentation, in particular avoiding the separate treatment of continuous and discrete distributions. A First Course in Probability and Markov Chains: Presents the basic elements of probability. Explores elementary probability with combinatorics, uniform probability, the inclusion-exclusion principle, independence and convergence of random variables. Features applications of Law of Large Numbers. Introduces Bernoulli and Poisson processes as well as discrete and continuous time Markov Chains with discrete states. Includes illustrations and examples throughout, along with solutions to problems featured in this book. The authors present a unified and comprehensive overview of probability and Markov Chains aimed at educating engineers working with probability and statistics as well as advanced undergraduate students in sciences and engineering with a basic background in mathematical analysis and linear algebra.

Praise for the Second Edition «This book is an excellent introduction to the wide field of boundary value problems.»—Journal of Engineering Mathematics «No doubt this textbook will be useful for both students and research workers.»—Mathematical Reviews A new edition of the highly-acclaimed guide to boundary value problems, now featuring modern computational methods and approximation theory Green's Functions and Boundary Value Problems, Third Edition continues the tradition of the two prior editions by providing mathematical techniques for the use of differential and integral equations to tackle important problems in applied mathematics, the physical sciences, and engineering. This new edition presents mathematical concepts and quantitative tools that are essential for effective use of modern computational methods that play a key role in the practical solution of boundary value problems. With a careful blend of theory and applications, the authors successfully bridge the gap between real analysis, functional analysis, nonlinear analysis, nonlinear partial differential equations, integral equations, approximation theory, and numerical analysis to provide a comprehensive foundation for understanding and analyzing core mathematical and computational modeling problems. Thoroughly updated and revised to reflect recent developments, the book includes an extensive new chapter on the modern tools of computational mathematics for boundary value problems. The Third Edition features numerous new topics, including: Nonlinear analysis tools for Banach spaces Finite element and related discretizations Best and near-best approximation in Banach spaces Iterative methods for discretized equations Overview of Sobolev and Besov space linear Methods for nonlinear equations Applications to nonlinear elliptic equations In addition, various topics have been substantially expanded, and new material on weak derivatives and Sobolev spaces, the Hahn-Banach theorem, reflexive Banach spaces, the Banach Schauder and Banach-Steinhaus theorems, and the Lax-Milgram theorem has been incorporated into the book. New and revised exercises found throughout allow readers to develop their own problem-solving skills, and the updated bibliographies in each chapter provide an extensive resource for new and emerging research and applications. With its careful balance of mathematics and meaningful applications, Green's Functions and Boundary Value Problems, Third Edition is an excellent book for courses on applied analysis and boundary value problems in partial differential equations at the graduate level. It is also a valuable reference for mathematicians, physicists, engineers, and scientists who use applied mathematics in their everyday work.

Combinatorial optimization is a multidisciplinary scientific area, lying in the interface of three major scientific domains: mathematics, theoretical computer science and management. The three volumes of the Combinatorial Optimization series aim to cover a wide range of topics in this area. These topics also deal with fundamental notions and approaches as with several classical applications of combinatorial optimization. Concepts of Combinatorial Optimization, is divided into three parts: – On the complexity of combinatorial optimization problems, presenting basics about worst-case and randomized complexity; – Classical solution methods, presenting the two most-known methods for solving hard combinatorial optimization problems, that are Branch-and-Bound and Dynamic Programming; – Elements from mathematical programming, presenting fundamentals from mathematical programming based methods that are in the heart of Operations Research since the origins of this field.

We all face risks in a variety of ways, as individuals, businesses and societies. The discipline of risk assessment and risk management is growing rapidly and there is an enormous drive for the implementation of risk assessment methods and risk management in organizations. There are great expectations that these tools provide suitable frameworks for obtaining high levels of performance and balance different concerns such as safety and costs. The analysis and management of risk are not straightforward. There are many challenges. The risk discipline is young and there area a number of ideas, perspectives and conceptions of risk out there. For example many analysts and researchers consider it appropriate to base their risk management policies on the use of expected values, which basically means that potential losses are multiplied with their associated consequences. However, the rationale for such a policy is questionable. A number of such common conceptions of risk are examined in the book, related to the risk concept, risk assessments, uncertainty analyses, risk perception, the precautionary principle, risk management and decision making under uncertainty. The Author discusses these concepts, their strenghts and weaknesses, and concludes that they are often better judged as misconceptions of risk than conceptions of risk. Key Features: Discusses common conceptions of risk with supporting examples. Provides recommendations and guidance to risk analysis and risk management. Relevant for all types of applications, including engineering and business. Presents the Author’s overall conclusions on the issues addressed throughout the book. All those working with risk-related problems need to understand the fundamental ideas and concepts of risk. Professionals in the field of risk, as well as researchers and graduate sutdents will benefit from this book. Policy makers and business people will also find this book of interest.